Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pattern analysis of substandard and inadequate distribution of educational resources in urban–rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan

  • Published:
GeoJournal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite an extensive system of public schools, Abbottabad, Pakistan has a chronically low literacy rate. A factor contributing to these low literacy rates might be a spatial mismatch between public schools and dense settlements in fast-growing urban and semi-urban areas of this municipal region. To test this proposition, the locations of 153 public schools were collected using hand-held GPS devices to create a geo-database, and a road network was created from the open street map and Google imagery. Nearest neighbor, K-function, Spearman’s Rho, and directional analyses were applied to this data to overcome limitations of sparse geo-spatial data. A point pattern analysis shows that more than 50% of secondary schools were clustered south of the city while most of the built-up area was in the north. Localizing Geo-spatial data, spatial restructuring, and reorganization of schools in the study area would support rational planning and enhance student access to school facilities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Enazi, M., Mesbah, S., & Anwar, A. (2016). Schools distribution planning using GIS in Jeddah city. International Journal of Computer Applications, 0975–8887, 138(1), 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amemiya, E. C. (1964). Economic differentiation and social organization of standard metropolitan areas. Journal of Regional Science, 5(2), 57–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awad-Gladewitz, D. D. (2014). Education sector development programme in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Afghanistan/Pakistan: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). Retrieved from, https://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/giz2014-enfaltblatt-19-pakistan.pdf.

  • Bailey, T. C., & Gatrell, A. C. (1995). Interactive spatial data analysis. London: Longman Scientific & Technical.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. J. (1979). Spatial time series. London: Pion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boots, B. N., & Getis, A. (1988). Point pattern analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnoy, M., Loyalka, P., & Androuschak, G. (2012). “Does expanding higher education equalize income distribution?” The case of the BRIC countries (pp. 1–44). Working Paper, Center for Education Policy Analysis.

  • Diggle, P. J. (1983). Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getis, A., & Ord, J. K. (1992). The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24(23), 190–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gylfason, T., & Zoega, G. (2003). Education social equality and economic growth: A view of the landscape. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 557–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jong, T., & Ritsema, J. R. (1999). Accessibility analysis and spatial competition effects in the context of GIS-supported service location planning. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 23(2), 75–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiskowski, M. A., Hancock, J. F., & Kenworthy, A. K. (2009). On the use of Ripley’s K-function and its derivatives to analyze domain size. Biophysical Journal, 97(4), 1095–1103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D., Gong, J. A., & Yue, P. (2014). Geoinformatics education in China. Geospatial Information Science, 17(4), 208–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Møller, J., & Waagepetersen, R. P. (2003). An introduction to simulation-based inference for spatial point processes. In J. Møller (Ed.), Spatial statistics and computational methods (Vol. 173)., Lecture Notes in Statistics New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Munir, F., Mehmood, N., & Zeb, A. (2015). Impact of redistribution on income inequality and economic growth in Pakistan. Issues, 3(2), 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musakwa, W. (2017). Perspectives on geospatial information technology usage in municipalities and geographic information systems (GIS) education amongst urban planners in Southern Africa. Geospatial Information Science, 20(2), 201–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qazi, W., Raza, S. A., & Jawaid, S. T. (2014). Higher education and growth performance of Pakistan: Evidence from multivariate framework. Quality & Quantity, 48(3), 1651–1665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ripley, B. D. (1976). The second-order analysis of stationary point processes. Journal of Applied Probability, 13(2), 255–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ripley, B. D. (1977). Modeling spatial patterns. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 39(2), 172–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripley, B. D. (1979). Tests of ‘randomness’ for spatial point patterns. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 41(3), 368–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripley, B. D. (1981). Spatial statistics. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, G., & Rajabifard, A. (2017). Sustainable development and geospatial information: A strategic framework for integrating a global policy agenda into national geospatial capabilities. Geo-Spatial Information Science, 20(2), 59–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz, M., Islam, F., & Aamir, N. (2012). Is devaluation contractionary? Empirical evidence for Pakistan. Economic Change and Restructuring, 45(4), 299–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. C., & Cheeseman, P. (1986). On the representation and estimation of spatial uncertainty. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 5(4), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/027836498600500404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumari, N. S., Shao, Z., & Kira, E. (2017). Challenges and opportunities for the advancement of GIS education in Tanzania. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(28), 67–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumari, N. S., Shao, Z., Van Genderen, L. J., Musakwa, M., Ujoh, F., Washaya, P., et al. (2019). Status of geoinformatics education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa: Initiatives taken and challenges. Journal of Geography in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2019.1599831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand, T., & Moloney, K. A. (2004). Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos, 104(2), 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12497.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. W. (1998). Measuring multiethnic spatial segregation. Urban Geography, 19(1), 77–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China

    Hashir Tanveer, Timo Balz & Neema Simon Sumari

  2. Department of Informatics, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania

    Neema Simon Sumari

  3. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad Campus University Road, Tobe Camp, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan

    Rafi-us Shan

  4. Department of Sociology, Government College University Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Hafsa Tanweer

Authors
  1. Hashir Tanveer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Timo Balz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Neema Simon Sumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rafi-us Shan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hafsa Tanweer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hashir Tanveer.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tanveer, H., Balz, T., Sumari, N.S. et al. Pattern analysis of substandard and inadequate distribution of educational resources in urban–rural areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan. GeoJournal 85, 1397–1409 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10029-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10029-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation