Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterize the site, location, and morphology of parking lots in downtown Bahía Blanca; to determine their contribution to environmental urban problems; and to suggest strategies to turn them into spaces in which to apply new urban principles. Strategies related to sustainable urban development, with comprehensive solutions for energy efficiency, sustainable construction, biomass conservation, and resource optimization were considered. The results show that parking lots have increased as urban land use typology within the city downtown. It was observed that parking lots are concentrated in some areas of the city downtown, and that concrete and sheet metal are the main construction materials. The lack of vegetation is also a major characteristic. Their location in urban areas implies vehicle circulation on downtown streets and avenues, which is directly associated to atmospheric pollution. Finally, each parking lot potential was analyzed in order to implement sustainable development measures, related to green policies, design, and construction.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Acero Alejandro, J. A. (2010). Influencia de la vegetacion en la calidad del aire y el clima urbano. In Congreso Nacional de Medio Ambiente CONAMA (pp. 1–13). Madrid.
Ackerman, B. (1985). Temporal march of the Chicago heat island. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 24(6), 547. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024%3c0547:TMOTCH%3e2.0.CO;2.
Alghamdi, M. A., Khoder, M., Harrison, R. M., Hyvärinen, A. P., Hussein, T., Al-Jeelani, H., et al. (2014). Temporal variations of O3 and NOx in the urban background atmosphere of the coastal city Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Atmospheric Environment, 94(2014), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.029.
Allende, D., Pascual, R., Ruggeri, M., Mulena, G., & Puliafito, S. E. (2014). Monitoreo e identificación de fuentes de PM10, PM2.5 y PM1 en el área urbana y suburbana del Gran Mendoza. Avances en Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente, 18, 01.19–01.26.
Aniello, C., Morgan, K., Busbey, A., & Newland, L. (1995). Mapping micro-urban heat islands using LANDSAT TM and a GIS. Computers & Geosciences, 21(8), 965–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00033-5.
Arabi, R., Shahidan, M. F., Kamal, M. S. M., Jaafar, M. F. Z. B., & Rakhshandehroo, M. (2015). Mitigating urban heat island through green roofs. Current World Environment, 10(1), 918–927. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.Special-Issue1.111.
Bajsanski, I., Stojakovic, V., & Jovanovic, M. (2016). Effect of tree location on mitigating parking lot insolation. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 56, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPENVURBSYS.2015.11.006.
Benedetti, G. M., Campo, A. M., & Horvath, A. L. (2014). Arbolado público en el barrio Pacífico, ciudad de Bahía blanca: aportes para la gestión. Párrafos Geográficos, 13(1), 28–55. https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2&ik=c78bdd8f8a&attid=0.3&permmsgid=msg-f:1609070228722309722&th=165490d909a65a5a&view=att&disp=inline&realattid=f_jkyaensm2&saddbat=ANGjdJ_QwVaUHqa9uN4bBD5JMQuygorCQzMwIwGwggPd3iT9MH6BfU6l2. Accessed August 17, 2018.
Ben-Joseph, E. (2012). ReThinking a lot: The design and culture of parking (Vol. 7). Cambridge: MIT press.
Blanchard, C. L., & Tanenbaum, S. J. (2003). Differences between weekday and weekend air pollutant levels in southern california. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 53(7), 816–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466222.
Bogo, H., Negri, M. R., & San Román, E. (1999). Continuous measurement of gaseous pollutants in Buenos Aires city. Atmospheric Environment, 33(16), 2587–2598.
Bravo, H., Roy-ocotla, G., Puesca s- Sánchez, P., & Torres, R. (1992). Contaminación atmosférica por ozono en la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de México: evolución histórica y perspectivas. In IX Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos.
Ca, V. T., Asaeda, T., & Abu, E. M. (1998). Reductions in air conditioning energy caused by a nearby park. Energy and Buildings, 29(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(98)00032-2.
Campo, A. M., Fernández, M. E., & Gentili, J. O. (2017). Variabilidad temporal del PM10 en Bahía Blanca (Argentina) y su relación con variables climáticas. Cuadernos Geográficos, 56(3), 6–25.
Campo, A. M., Fernández, M. E., & Gentili, J. O. (2018). Relación entre CO, NOX, SO2, O3 y factores naturales y antropogénicos en Bahía Blanca (Argentina). Pesquisas em Geociências, 45(1), e0661.
Capelli de Steffens, A. M., Piccolo, M. C., & Campo de Ferreras, A. M. (2005). Clima urbano de Bahía Blanca. Buenos Aires: Dunken.
Cazorla, M. (2016). Air quality over a populated andean region: Insights from measurements of ozone, NO, and boundary layer depths. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2015.07.006.
Cho, M.-G., Jin, E.-J., Bae, E.-J., Lee, K.-S., Moon, H.-S., & Huh, M.-R. (2017). Absorption Ability of Particulate Matter in Leaves of Street Trees in Jinju City. Journal of People Plants and Environment, 20(5), 431–440. http://db.koreascholar.com/article?code=342042. Accessed April 30, 2018.
Coutts, A. M., & Harris, R. (2013). A multi-scale assessment of urban heating in Melbourne during an extreme heat event and policy approaches for adaptation. Australia: Clayton.
Davis, A. Y., Pijanowski, B. C., Robinson, K., & Engel, B. (2010a). The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States. Land Use Policy, 27(2), 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2009.03.002.
Davis, A. Y., Pijanowski, B. C., Robinson, K. D., & Kidwell, P. B. (2010b). Estimating parking lot footprints in the Upper Great Lakes Region of the USA. Landscape and Urban Planning, 96, 68–77. http://www.elsevier.com/copyright. Accessed May 2, 2018.
Declet-Barreto, J., Knowlton, K., Jenerette, G. D., Buyantuev, A., Declet-Barreto, J., Knowlton, K., et al. (2016). Effects of urban vegetation on mitigating exposure of vulnerable populations to excessive heat in Cleveland, Ohio. Weather, Climate, and Society, 8(4), 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-15-0026.1.
Dugarova, E., & Gülasan, N. (2017). Glabal trends. Challenges and opportunities in the implementation of the sustainable development goals. Geneva. www.undp.org. Accessed 19 April 2018.
EEA. (2015). Urban sustainability issues—What is a resource-efficient city?. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. https://doi.org/10.2800/389017.
Fernández, M. E., Gentili, J. O., & Campo, A. M. (2017). Caracterización bioclimática media de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, Arg. In Asociación de Universidades Grupo Montevideo (AUGM) & Universidad Nacional de Itapúa (UNI) (Eds.), XXV Jornadas de Jóvenes Investigadores (p. 490). Encarnación, Paraguay.
Fernández, M. E., Gentili, J. O., & Campo, A. M. (2018). Sunshine duration analysis as a first step to estimate solar resource for photovoltaic electricity production in middle latitudes. Environmental Processes, 5(2), 313–328.
Ferrelli, F. (2016). Análisis del clima local y micro-local de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Retrieved from http://repositoriodigital.uns.edu.ar/bitstream/123456789/2698/1/Tesis_Ferrelli_2016.pdf. Accessed 24 April 2018.
Ferrelli, F. (2017). Análisis del clima local y micro-local de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Geográfica Digital, 13(26), 1–6. http://revistas.unne.edu.ar/index.php/geo/article/view/2123/1850. Accessed May 1, 2018.
Formiga, N., & Marenco, S. (2000). La dinámica urbana. El proceso de desarrollo vertical y la problemática de la marginalidad urbana en Bahía Blanca. Bahía Blanca: EdiUNS.
Fu, P., & Weng, Q. (2017). Responses of urban heat island in Atlanta to different land-use scenarios. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2160-3.
Gallardo, L., Escribano, J., Dawidowski, L., Rojas, N., de Fátima Andrade, M., & Osses, M. (2012). Evaluation of vehicle emission inventories for carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides for Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Santiago, and São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment, 47, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.051.
García Ferreyra, M. F. (2014). Obtención de mapas de calidad de aire, a través de la implementación y primera aplicación del modelo de transporte químico CHIMERE sobre Argentina. Córdoba: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
Gentili, J. O. (2005). Problemáticas asociadas a las playas de estacionamiento en el microcentro de Bahía Blanca. Bahía Blanca.
Gill, S. E., Handley, J. F., Ennos, A. R., & Pauleit, S. (2007). Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built environment, 33(1), 155–133. http://urbanspace.rec.org/files/Article_Gill_Adapting_Cities_for_CC.pdf. Accessed April 27, 2018.
Golden, J. S., Carlson, J., Kaloush, K. E., & Phelan, P. (2007). A comparative study of the thermal and radiative impacts of photovoltaic canopies on pavement surface temperatures. Solar Energy, 81(7), 872–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2006.11.007.
Goodrich, E. (2016). Measuring the effects of parking lots and tree shading on microscale urban heat islands. University of Oregon. Retrieved from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/20288/FINALThesis-Goodrich.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 2 May 2018.
Hahn, H. H., & Pfeifer, R. (1994). The contribution of parked vehicle emissions to the pollution of urban run-off. Science of the Total Environment, 146–147, 525–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90278-X.
Han, S., Bian, H., Feng, Y., Liu, A., Li, X., Zeng, F., et al. (2011). Analysis of the relationship between O3, NO and NO2 in Tianjin, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 11, 128–139. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2010.07.0055.
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2008). Metodología de la investigación. México: McGraw-Hill.
Hiemstra, J. A., Saaroni, H., & Amorim, J. H. (2017). The urban heat island: Thermal comfort and the role of urban greening (pp. 7–19). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50280-9_2.
Hu, M., Zhang, X., Siu, Y., Li, Y., Tanaka, K., Yang, H., et al. (2018). Flood mitigation by permeable pavements in Chinese sponge city construction. Water, 10(2), 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020172.
INDEC. (2010). Censo Nacional de Población, hogares y vivienda. Buenos Aires: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina.
Isuani, F. (2012). Política y gestión ambiental. In M. Di Pace & H. E. C. Bartrons (Eds.), Ecología Urbana (pp. 315–334). Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento.
Kamiya, M., & Zhang, L.-Y. (2017). Finance for city leaders handbook. Improving municipal finance to deliver better services. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). www.unhabitat.org. Accessed 13 March 2018.
Kim, H. H. (1992). Urban heat island. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13(12), 2319–2336. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169208904271.
Klose, D. (1965). Aparcamientos y Garages. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili.
Knight, T., Price, S., Bowler, D., & King, S. (2016). How effective is ‘greening’ of urban areas in reducing human exposure to ground-level ozone concentrations, UV exposure and the ‘urban heat island effect’? A protocol to update a systematic review. Environmental Evidence, 5(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-016-0054-y.
Krishnan, R. (2016). Technical solar photovoltaic potential of large scale parking lot canopies. Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/92. Accessed 26 March 2018.
Krishnan, R., Haselhuhn, A., & Pearce, J. M. (2017). Technical solar photovoltaic potential of scaled parking lot canopies: A case study of Walmart U.S.A. Journal on Innovation and Sustainability, 8(2), 104. https://doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2017v8i2p104-125.
Kumar, K., Kozak, J., Hundal, L., Cox, A., Zhang, H., & Granato, T. (2016). In-situ infiltration performance of different permeable pavements in a employee used parking lot—a four-year study. Journal of Environmental Management, 167, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2015.11.019.
Lazzari, S., Perini, K., & Roccotiello, E. (2018). Green streets for pollutants reduction. In G. Perez & K. Perini (Eds.), Nature based strategies for urban and building sustainability (pp. 149–156). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812150-4.00014-8.
Marenco, S. (2000). De la ciudad baja de los años 50 a la moderna urbe de fin de siglo. In N. Formiga & S. Marenco (Eds.), La dinámica urbana. El proceso de desarrollo vertical y la problemática de la marginalidad urbana en Bahía Blanca (pp. 27–41). Bahía Blanca: EdiUns.
McPherson, E. G. (2001). Sacramento’s parking lot shading ordinance: environmental and economic costs of compliance. Landscape and Urban Planning, 57(2), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00196-7.
Middel, A., Chhetri, N., & Quay, R. (2015). Urban forestry and cool roofs: Assessment of heat mitigation strategies in Phoenix residential neighborhoods. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(1), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2014.09.010.
Mohajerani, A., Bakaric, J., & Jeffrey-Bailey, T. (2017). The urban heat island effect, its causes, and mitigation, with reference to the thermal properties of asphalt concrete. Journal of Environmental Management, 197, 522–538. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abbas_Mohajerani/publication/316118695_The_urban_heat_island_effect_its_causes_and_mitigation_with_reference_to_the_thermal_properties_of_asphalt_concrete/links/59dc0f97aca2728e201839c0/The-urban-heat-island-effect-its. Accessed April 30, 2018.
Mukhija, V., & Shoup, D. (2006). Quantity versus quality in off-street parking requirements. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(3), 293–308. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/727788bk. Accessed May 2, 2018.
Municipalidad de Bahía Blanca. (1993). Código de Planeamiento Urbano de Bahía Blanca. Bahía Blanca.
Municipalidad de Bahía Blanca. (2000). Plan Estratégico Bahía Blanca.
Nakamura, M., Shoji, A., & Muneta, Y. (2007). A study on the location of parking: a case study in the central part of Kyoto. In Summaries of technical papers of annual meeting architectural institute of Japan (pp. 893–894).
Norton, B. A., Coutts, A. M., Livesley, S. J., Harris, R. J., Hunter, A. M., & Williams, N. S. G. (2015). Planning for cooler cities: A framework to prioritise green infrastructure to mitigate high temperatures in urban landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 134(2015), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.018.
Oba, T., & Iseki, H. (2014). An analysis of spatial locations and attributes of surface parking lots and their effects on the cityscape in historic central districts in Kyoto and Philadelphia. In Transportation research board 93rd annual meeting (pp. 1–17). Washington DC. https://trid.trb.org/view/1288342. Accessed May 2, 2018.
Oke, T. R. (1973). City size and the urban heat island. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 7(8), 769–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6.
Oke, T. R. (1976). The distinction between canopy and boundary-layer urban heat islands. Atmosphere, 14(4), 268–277. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00046973.1976.9648422. Accessed July 10, 2018.
Oke, T. R. (1997). Urban climates and global environmental change. Applied climatology: Principles & practices (pp. 273–287). New York: Routledge.
Oke, T. R. (2011). Urban heat island. In The Routledge handbook of urban ecology (pp. 120–131). Oxon: Routledge Abingdon.
Oke, T. R., & Maxwell, G. B. (1975). Urban heat island dynamics in Montreal and Vancouver. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 9(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(75)90067-0.
Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., & Voogt, J. A. (2017). Urban climates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139016476.
Olcese, L. E., & Toselli, B. M. (2002). Atmospheric environment some aspects of air pollution in Córdoba, Argentina. Atmospheric Environment, 36(2), 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00336-3.
Onishi, A., Cao, X., Ito, T., Shi, F., & Imura, H. (2010). Evaluating the potential for urban heat-island mitigation by greening parking lots. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 9(4), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.002.
Perini, K., & Roccotiello, E. (2018). Vertical greening systems for pollutants reduction. In G. Perez & K. Perini (Eds.), Nature based strategies for urban and building sustainability (pp. 131–140). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812150-4.00012-4.
Querol, X., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Moreno, T., Castillo, S., et al. (2007). Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain. Atmospheric Environment, 41(34), 7219–7231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.022.
Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W., Parshall, L., Gaffin, S., Lynn, B., Goldberg, R., et al. (2006). Mitigating New York City’s heat island with urban forestry, living roofs, and light surfaces. In Proceedings of the sixth symposium on the urban environment. Atlanta. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6a84/7e63248369137027ced29c7808343f30255d.pdf. Accessed May 4, 2018.
Rowe, B. (2018). Green Roofs for Pollutants’ Reduction. In Nature based strategies for urban and building sustainability (pp. 141–148). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812150-4.00013-6.
Sarrat, C., Lemonsu, A., Masson, V., & Guedalia, D. (2006). Impact of urban heat island on regional atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric Environment, 40(10), 1743–1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2005.11.037.
Sayegh, A., Tate, J. E., & Ropkins, K. (2016). Understanding how roadside concentrations of NOx are influenced by the background levels, traffic density, and meteorological conditions using boosted regression trees. Atmospheric Environment, 127(2016), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.024.
Scott, K. I., Simpson, J. R., & Mcpherson, E. G. (1999). Effects of tree cover on parking lot microclimate and vehicle emissions. Journal of Arboriculture, 25(3), 129–142. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e034/06ba6437e4014d832273ee2dabfbe9332f42.pdf. Accessed April 26, 2018.
Shahidan, M. F., Jones, P. J., Gwilliam, J., & Salleh, E. (2012). An evaluation of outdoor and building environment cooling achieved through combination modification of trees with ground materials. Building and Environment, 58, 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2012.07.012.
Shapiro, J., Arkoosh, V. A., Kline, S., Flaharty, D. F., Blue, R., Blumhardt, J., et al. (2015). Sustainable green parking lots. Norristown, PA: Montgomery County Planning Commission. https://www.montcopa.org/DocumentCenter/View/9735/Green-Sustainable-Parking-Guide-2_10_2016-Web. Accessed May 7, 2018.
Spronken-Smith, R. A., & Oke, T. R. (1998). The thermal regime of urban parks in two cities with different summer climates. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19(11), 2085–2104. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311698214884.
Stewart, I. D., & Oke, T. R. (2012). Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00019.1.
Taha, H. (1997). Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat. Energy and Buildings, 25, 99–103. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/38e1/5545b6785035cc6def9fef952d22e2c03dca.pdf. Accessed April 26, 2018.
United Nations General Assembly. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Urriza, G. (2016). Expansión urbana, tierra vacante y demanda habitacional en Bahía Blanca. Modelos de ciudad y política urbana en debate. Revista del Área de Estudios Urbanos, 0(6), 281–320. http://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/quid16/article/view/2089/1777. Accessed April 30, 2018.
US Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Green parking lot resource guide. United States: United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste and Emergenc Response. http://www.streamteamok.net/Doc_link/GreenParkingLotGuide(final).PDF. Accessed May 7, 2018.
Vásquez, A. E. (2016). Infraestructura verde, servicios ecosistémicos y sus aportes para enfrentar el cambio climático en ciudades: el caso del corredor ribereño del río Mapocho en Santiago de Chile. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, 63, 63–86.
WHO. (2006). Guías de calidad del aire de la OMS relativas al material particulado, el ozono, el dióxido de nitrógeno y el dióxido de azufre. Actualización mundial 2005. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wilson, J. S., Clay, M., Martin, E., Stuckey, D., & Vedder-Risch, K. (2003). Evaluating environmental influences of zoning in urban ecosystems with remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86(3), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00084-1.
Wong, N. H., & Yu, C. (2005). Study of green areas and urban heat island in a tropical city. Habitat International, 29(3), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HABITATINT.2004.04.008.
Yoo, J. M., Jeong, M. J., Kim, D., Stockwell, W. R., Yang, J. H., Shin, H. W., et al. (2015). Spatiotemporal variations of air pollutants (O3, NO2, SO2, CO, PM10, and VOCs) with land-use types. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 10857–10885. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10857-2015.
Acknowledgements
To the Departamento de Habilitaciones [Department of Authorisations] and to the Subsecretaria de Planificación y Desarrollo Urbano [Undersecretariat of Urban Planning and Development] of the Municipality of Bahía Blanca for providing the official records that contributed to the completion of this study.
Funding
The study was funded by the research project “Physical Geography Applied to the study of the interaction between society and nature. Problems at various tempo-spatial scales” (Grant number 24/G078) subsidized by the General Secretary of Science and Technology of the Universidad Nacional del Sur.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gentili, J.O., Fernández, M.E., Ortuño Cano, M.d.l.Á. et al. Assessment of the sustainable potential of parking lots in Bahía Blanca City, Argentina. GeoJournal 85, 1257–1275 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10021-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10021-5