Abstract
This paper uses the diffusion of innovations theory to analyse the role played by change agents, opinion leaders, champions, social network links and re-invention in the diffusion of GIS technology in a developing country, Uganda. Understanding the roles played by each of these elements leads to a more complete picture of the diffusion process of information systems, particularly within the context of the developing world. Mixed methods were used for data collection and analysis. Diffusion of innovations theory was employed in the analysis and a comparison made with the Universal Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. The findings indicate that change agents, opinion leaders, champions, social network links, and re-invention play a significant role in the diffusion of GIS technology in Uganda. The paper makes a contribution to the literature on GIS diffusion in developing countries.
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Appendix 1: The influence of change agents, funding agencies, opinion leaders and champions at Ugandan institutions, 1989–2010
Appendix 1: The influence of change agents, funding agencies, opinion leaders and champions at Ugandan institutions, 1989–2010
ID | Institution name | Change agent | Funding agency | Opinion leader | Champion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | National Environment Information Centre (NEIC) | UNEP-GRID | WB | Y | Y |
2 | National Forestry Authority (NFA) | NFP | NORAD | Y | Y |
3 | Wetlands Management Department (WMD) | IUCN | GoN | Y | Y |
4 | Makerere University, Department of Surveying | EEA, GIC, MUIENR | PBF | Y | Y |
5 | Makerere University, Institute of the Environment and Natural Resources (MUIENR) | UNEP-GRID | WB | Y | Y |
6 | Department of Surveys and Mapping (DoSM) | GCo, FCo, JCo | WB | N | Y |
7 | Computer Aided Mapping Project Uganda Surveys Project (CAMPUS) | FCo | WB | N | Y |
8 | Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNET) | CI | USAID | N | N |
9 | Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) | GTZ | USAID | N | Y |
10 | Department of Geological Survey and Mines (DoGSM) | SDSA, CCo | WB, ADB, NDF, GoB, UNDP | N | Y |
11 | Makerere University, Department of Geography | ITC | ITC | Y | Y |
12 | National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NW&SC) | GTZ | GoG | N | Y |
13 | National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL) | NEMA | WB, GEF, GoU | N | Y |
14 | Makerere University, Department of Forestry | NFA | NFA | Y | Y |
15 | Mobile Telecom Network Uganda (MTN) | 0 | PF | N | N |
16 | Northern Uganda Data Centre (NUDC) | EEA | PMO, UNDP, GTZ, WB, GoI | Y | Y |
17 | Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) | EEA | MoF | Y | Y |
18 | USAID | OS, GIC, EEA | USAID | Y | Y |
19 | GeoInformation Communication (GIC) | EEA | PF | N | Y |
20 | Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) | SACo | WB, EU, ADB | Y | Y |
21 | Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF), Cartographic Office | IAEA | IAEA, ADB, FAO | N | Y |
22 | Kampala City Council (KCC) | MUDG | WB | Y | Y |
23 | Makerere University, Faculty of Computing and Informatics Technology (MUFCIT) | UU | NUFFIC | N | Y |
24 | Umeme | UmSA | PF | Y | Y |
25 | WE-Consult | DCo | PF | N | N |
26 | Tullow Oil, Uganda | EEA | PF | Y | Y |
27 | Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Gulu (OCHA) | UNHCR, UNO CHA, GIC | UNOCHA | Y | Y |
28 | United Nations OCHA, Kampala (UNOCHA) | GIC, EEA | UNOCHA | N | Y |
29 | Infectious Disease Institute (IDI) | KCC | Pfizer, PEPFAR, CDC | Y | Y |
30 | Center for Disease Control (CDC), Uganda | EEA, ESA | PEPFAR, CDC | Y | Y |
31 | World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) | GIC | WWF | N | Y |
32 | NatureUganda | FE | PF | Y | Y |
33 | Spring, USAID Project | FE | USAID | Y | Y |
34 | Northern Uganda Malaria and Tuberculosis (NUMAT), USAID Project | GIC | USAID | Y | Y |
35 | Mbarara University, Department of Computer Science | MUFCIT | NUFFIC | Y | Y |
36 | Mbarara Police | MUDCS | NUFFIC | Y | N |
37 | Gulu University, Department of Computer Science | GIC | WCS, NUFFIC, USAID | Y | Y |
38 | Department of Petroleum Exploration and Production (DPEP) | GIC | MEMD | N | Y |
39 | Kyambogo University, Department of Computer Science | CE | NUFFIC | Y | Y |
40 | Nokia Siemens Networks | 0 | Private | N | N |
41 | UNICEF | FE | UNICEF | N | N |
42 | ACODE | NA | NA | NA | NA |
43 | FXB Uganda Program | NA | NA | NA | NA |
44 | BIN-IT Services Ltd | NA | NA | NA | NA |
45 | Uganda Land Alliance | NA | NA | NA | NA |
46 | National Association of Professional Environmentalists (NAPE) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
47 | Uganda National Health Research Organization (UNHRO) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
48 | TourGuide Publications | NA | NA | NA | NA |
49 | Central Police Station | NA | NA | NA | NA |
50 | MAP (U) Ltd | NA | NA | NA | NA |
51 | Mitland (U) Ltd | NA | NA | NA | NA |
52 | GeoMaps Africa Ltd | NA | NA | NA | NA |
53 | National Planning Authority (NPA) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Acronym | Full name of change agent or funding agency | Acronym | Full name of change agent or funding agency |
|---|---|---|---|
ADB | African Development Bank | CDC | Center for Disease Control |
CI | Chemonics International | EEA | ESRI Eastern Africa |
ESA | ESRI South Africa | EU | European Union |
FAO | Food and Agricultural Organization | FE | Former Employee |
GCo, | German Company, | GEF | Global Environment Facility |
FCo, | French Company, | ||
JCo, | Japanese Company, | ||
CCo, | Canadian Company, | ||
SACo, | South African Company, | ||
DCo | Dutch Company | ||
GIC | GeoInformation Communication | GoB | Government of Belgium |
GoG | Government of Germany | GoI | Government of Italy |
GoN | Government of The Netherlands | GoU | Government of Uganda |
GTZ | German Technical Services | IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
ITC | Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, The Netherlands | IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature |
MEMD | Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (Government of Uganda) | MoF | Ministry of Finance (Government of Uganda) |
MUDCS | Mbarara University Department of Computer Science | MUDG | Makerere University Department of Geography |
MUFCIT | Makerere University Faculty of Computing and Informatics Technology | MUIENR | Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources |
NDF | Nordic Development Fund | NFA | National Forestry Authority (Uganda) |
NFP | Norwegian Forestry Program | NORAD | Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation |
NUFFIC | Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education | OS | Oakar Services |
PBF | Project-Based Funding | PEPFAR | President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief |
PF | Private Funding | PMO | Prime Minister’s Office (Government of Uganda) |
SDSA | Spatial Dimension South Africa Pty Limited | UmSA | Umeme South Africa |
UNDP | United Nations Development Program | UNEP-GRID | United Nations Environment Program - Global Resource Information Database |
UNHCR | United Nations High Commission for Refugees | USAID | United States Agency for International Development |
UU | University of Utrecht, The Netherlands | WB | World Bank |
WCS | Wildlife Conservation Society |
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Eria, S. Diffusion of GIS in Uganda: the role of change agents, opinion leaders, champions, social network links and re-invention. GeoJournal 84, 1567–1595 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9938-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9938-4