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ICT-driven projects for land governance in Kenya: disruption and e-government frameworks

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Abstract

Critical academic research has yet to comprehensively identify conceptual linkages and tensions between information communication technologies (ICTs) and land governance projects. In order to make a contribution to these complex research fields, this article examines three Kenyan projects to illustrate different aspects of competing theoretical frameworks for ICT-based land rights projects. The projects documented land and property in the informal settlements of Kibera and Mathare in Nairobi, and in the rural community of Lari in Kiambu County. Drawing particularly on conceptual frameworks that emphasize the ‘disruptive’ potentials of ICTs, and frameworks based on e-government models, the article argues that these projects include both disruptive aspects, which work through applying pressure on the state, and more ‘integrative’ approaches which seek to build state capacity. The projects also rely on multiple stakeholders, and cannot be easily categorized within simple narratives of crowdsourcing, for example. Instead the realities are more complex and ‘success’ is difficult to assess, and potential uses of such projects are open and multiple.

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Notes

  1. Interview with employee of a United Nations Agency, 2nd November 2015, Nairobi, Kenya.

  2. Interview with staff of Map Kibera February, 2015.

  3. Interview with former staff of Map Kibera, February 2016.

  4. For analysis, Map Kibera uses QGIS and ARCHGIS software and Tile Mill and other MapBox products to make the maps look better online.

  5. Interview with former staff of Map Kibera, February 2016.

  6. Interview with staff of Map Kibera, April 2015.

  7. Interview with NGO, Kibera, February 2016.

  8. Interview with NGO, Kibera, February 2016.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Much of this case study is based on an interview with staff of GROOTS Kenya, July 2015, and FGDs with GROOTS mappers, Kiambu County, July 2015. Other sources are indicated below.

  11. Email communication with GROOTS staff, November 18, 2015.

  12. Interview with senior staff of Lari Sub-County administration, February 2016.

  13. Interview with senior staff of Lari Sub-County administration, February 2016.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Email communication with Staff of, GROOTS-Kenya, 23 October 2015.

  20. Interview with staff of Pamoja Trust, February 2016.

  21. Interview with staff of UN-Habitat, Nairobi, July 2015.

  22. Interview with staff of Pamoja Trust, Mashimoni, February 2016.

  23. Interview with staff of Pamoja Trust, Mashimoni, February 2016.

  24. FGD with Mashimoni Community Members, July 2015.

  25. FGD with Mashimoni Community Members, July 2015.

  26. Email communication with staff of Land and GLTN Unit, UN-Habitat, November 9th, 2015.

  27. Email communication with staff of Technical University of Kenya, 12th November 2015.

  28. FGD with Mashimoni Community Members, July 2015.

  29. Interview with staff of Pamoja Trust, Mashimoni, February 2016.

  30. Pers. Obs. Mashimoni July 2015.

  31. Interview with staff of Pamoja Trust, Mashimoni, February 2016.

  32. Ibid.

  33. Interview with staff of Pamoja Trust, Mashimoni, February 2016.

  34. Interview with UN-Habitat staff, Nairobi, February 2016.

  35. Interview with staff of Pamoja Trust, February 2016.

  36. FGD with Mashimoni Community Members, July 2015.

  37. Interviews with staff of Pamoja Trust, February 2016; and senior members of UN-Habitat, November 2015.

  38. Presentation by Dr. Joan Clos, Executive Director of UN-Habitat, at the Land and Conflict Forum Developing an issue-based coalition 1–2 November 2015, Nairobi, Kenya.

  39. Wicked problems, using terminology developed by Rittel and Webber (1973) are complex, often dynamic, and linked to open systems which make them very difficult to conclusively resolve.

  40. Interview with NGO, Kibera, February 2016.

  41. Email communication with staff of Technical University of Kenya, 12th November 2015.

  42. Interview with senior member of Land and Tenure Section, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi, 1st November 2015.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by a post-doctoral fellowship from the Netherlands Academy on Land Governance and Food Security—LANDac.

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  1. School of International Policy and Governance, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada

    Christopher Huggins

  2. African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Nairobi, Kenya

    Natasha Frosina

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Huggins, C., Frosina, N. ICT-driven projects for land governance in Kenya: disruption and e-government frameworks. GeoJournal 82, 643–663 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9710-6

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