Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Mapping the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria using exploratory spatial data analysis

  • Published:
GeoJournal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines the spatial variation of HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in Nigeria. It uses Exploratory Spatial Data Analytical (ESDA) techniques to provide insight into the pattern. The overriding objective is to determine if there is a significant spatial clustering of HIV/AIDS. The calculated and mapped Global and Local Moran’s I, and Getis and Ord G i * values reveal certain states such as Benue, Nassarawa, Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and Cross River have significant spatial clusters of HIV/AIDS rates in Nigeria. The spatial analysis enables policy makers to identify states most affected, and design effective and culturally acceptable preventive measures. Specific policies targeted at states are a more appropriate approach in tackling the epidemic rather than the usual universal cookie-cut HIV reduction strategies that may not be applicable to the different cultural milieu.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adeokun, L. (2006). The social and cultural factors affecting the HIV epidemic. In O. Adeyi, P. J. Kanki, O. Odutolu, & J. A. Idoko (Eds.), AIDS in Nigeria: A nation on the threshold (pp. 151–173). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adesina, O. A. (2006) Between culture and poverty: The queen mother phenomenon and the Edo International Sex Trade. JENDA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies, Issue 8, 31 pp.

  • Akeroyd, A. V. (2004). Coercion, constraints and ‘Cultural entrapments’: A further look at gendered and occupational factors pertinent to the transmission of HIV in Africa. In E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. R. Oppong, & J. Ghosh (Eds.), HIV/AIDS in Africa: Beyond epidemiology (pp. 89–103). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation: LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burrough, P. A., & McDonnell, R. A. (2000). Principles of geographical information systems. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaput, E. K., Meek, J. I., & Heimer, R. (2002). Spatial analysis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis near Lyme, Connecticut. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8(9), 943–948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clennon, J. A., King, C. H., Muchiri, E. M., Kariuki, C. H., Ouma, J. H., Mungai, P., et al. (2004). Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70(4), 443–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cromley, E. K., & McLafferty, S. L. (2002). Analyzing spatial clustering of health events. In E. K. Cromley & S. L. McLafferty (Eds.), GIS and public health (pp. 130–157). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Djukpen, R. O. (2003). Micro-level assessment of HIV/AIDS transmission channels in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Master’s Thesis, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville.

  • Epidemiological fact sheet on HIV and AIDS Core data on epidemiology and response Nigeria. (2006, 2008) http://www.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/EFS2008/full/EFS2008_NG.pdf.

  • Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria. (2000). HIV/Syphillis sentinel safe-prevalence survey in Nigeria. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria. (2005). National AIDS/STI control programme technical report. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Office of Statistics. (various years 2001–2005). Annual abstract of statistics. Abuja: Federal Office of Statistics.

  • Gbor, J. W. T. (2006). The concept of culture and Tiv cultural values. Markudi, Nigeria: Center for African Culture and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getis, A., & Ord, J. (1992). The analysis of spatial association by the use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24(3), 189–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gisselquist, D., Rothenberg, R., Potterat, J., & Drucker, E. (2002). HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa not explained by sexual or vertical transmission. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 13(10), 657–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hugo, G. (2000). How can spatial information systems assist in the fight against HIV/AIDS? Paper prepared for the National Symposium on “Every Eight-Seconds: AIDS Revisited” organized by the National Academies Forum and the National Library of Australia, National Library Theatre, Canberra, 29–30 Nov 2000.

  • Jacquez, G. M., & Greiling, D. A. (2003) Local clustering in breast, lung and colorectal cancer in Long island, New York. International Journal of Health Geographics, 2, 3. Available online at http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/2/1/3.

  • Kalipeni, E. (1996). AIDS and condom promotion in Malawi: A critical review. African Rural and Urban Studies, 3(2), 61–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mafeni, J. O., & Fajemisin, O. A. (2003). HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: Situation, response, and prospects. Policy Project (October), 32 pp. Accessed online: http://www.aidtransparency.org/at/images/docs/resarch_results/politiques_sur_le_vihsida/HIV_AIDS_in_Nigeria.pdf.

  • Nigeria & ORC Macro. (2004). Nigeria demographic and health survey, 2003. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission, Federal Republic of Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obidoa, C. (2003). Geographical analysis of HIV/AIDS infection in Nigeria 19912001. Masters Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Connecticut.

  • Obidoa, C. (2005). Factors associated with HIV/AIDS sexual risk in unmarried women aged 1524 in Nigeria. UCHC Graduate School Masters Theses. Paper 80. University of Connecticut. http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/uchcgs_masters/80.

  • Odunsi, S. B. (2005). Global security, human rights, public health and military policies on HIV/AIDS: Nigeria as a case study. LL.M Thesis, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

  • Onwuliri, V. (2002). A message from the principal investigator. http://www.apin.harvard.edu/program-swaan.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2008.

  • Onwuliri, V. A., & Mohammed, R. (2001). The HIV/AIDS epidemic and the Nigerian woman. The Negro Educational Review, 52(1/2), 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppong, J. R. (1999). Data problems in GIS and health: Setting an agenda for research on health and the environment. Paper presented at workshop 4: Health research methods and data, Harjattula Training Center, Turku, Finland. http://geog.queensu.ca/h_and_e/healthandenvir/workshop4.htm. Accessed 1 Dec 2008.

  • Oppong, J., & Agyei-Mensah, S. (2004). HIV/AIDS in West Africa: The case of Senegal, Ghana, and Nigeria. In E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. R. Oppong, & J. Ghosh (Eds.), HIV/AIDS in Africa: Beyond epidemiology (pp. 70–82). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osagbemi, M. O., Joseph, B., Adepetu, A. A., Nyong, A.O., & Jegede, A. S. (2004). Culture and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Promoting reproductive health in the light of spouse-sharing practice among the Okun people, Nigeria. http://paa2004.Princeton.edu/extendedAbstract.asp?Action=View&SubmissionId=41699. Accessed 1 Dec 2008.

  • Rogerson, P. A. (2001). Statistical methods for geography (pp. 173–174). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S., MacLeod, W., Vincent, J. R., Thea, D. M., & Simon, J. L. (2003). Why do Nigerian manufacturing firms take action (or not) on AIDS? Health and Development Discussion paper No. 3, Jan 2003. Boston, MA: Boston University School of Public Health, Center for International Health and Development.

  • Rossem, R. V., Meekers, D., & Akinyemi, Z. (2001). Consistent condom use with different types of partners: Evidence from two Nigeria surveys. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13(3), 252–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, M. O., Tedesco, C., McTighe, T. J., Austin, C., & Kitron, U. (2004). Environmental and social determinants of human risk during a West Nile virus outbreak in the greater Chicago area, 2002. International Journal of Health Geographics 3(8). http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/3/1/8. Accessed 1 Dec 2008.

  • Tanser, F., & Le Sueur, D. (2002). The application of geographical information systems to important public health problems in Africa. International Journal of Health Geographics, 1(4). www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/1/1/4. Accessed 1 Dec 2008.

  • Tanser, F., Le Sueur, D., & Wilkinson, D. (2000). HIV heterogeneity and proximity of homestead to roads in rural South Africa: An exploration using a geographical information system. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 5(1), 40–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS/WHO Global HIV/AIDS Online Database (2008). http://www.who.int/globalatlas/includeFiles/generalIncludeFiles/listInstances.asp. Accessed 1 Dec 2008.

  • United Nations Development Programme. (2008). Global report http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/jc1510_2008_global_report_pp211_234_en.pdf.

  • U.S. Census Bureau (2000). HIV/AIDS surveillance data base. Washington, D.C.: International Programs Center, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.americanfactfinder.biz/ipc/www/hiv/abouthiv.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2008.

  • Utulu, S. N., & Lawoyin, T. O. (2007). Epidemiological features of HIV infection among pregnant women in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science, 39(3), 397–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard O. Djukpen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Djukpen, R.O. Mapping the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria using exploratory spatial data analysis. GeoJournal 77, 555–569 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-010-9350-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-010-9350-1

Keywords

Navigation