Abstract
In recent years, a buoyant global market for minerals has led to renewed interest in the mining sector as a means of generating economic growth in resource producing areas of developed nations. The development of new operations, however, raises concerns around the impacts of mining activities on the environment, health and traditional ways of life of Indigenous peoples. Using the proposed expansion of the Kemess mine in northern British Columbia as a case study, this paper examines two First Nations’ perspectives regarding the regulatory process through which environmental values may be validated and protected, and seeks to understand how these First Nations’ environmental values and perceptions of risk are connected to health and well-being. Sixteen key informant interviews were carried out and thematically analyzed through political ecology and environmental justice frameworks. The paper argues that accommodating First Nations’ environmental values and perceptions of risks is a necessary first step to reclaim health and well-being in politically marginalized settings.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Duncan Lake is hereafter referred to as Amazay Lake.
References
Ali, S. H. (2003). Mining, the environment, and indigenous development conflicts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Arquette, M., Cole, M., Cook, K., LaFrance, B., Peters, M., Ransom, J., et al. (2002). Holistic risk-based environmental decision making: A native perspective. Environmental Justice, 110(2), 259–264.
Ballard, C., & Banks, G. (2003). Resource wars: The anthropology of mining. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32(1), 287–313.
Baxter, J., & Eyles, J. (1999). The utility of in-depth interviews for studying the meaning of environmental risk. The Professional Geographer, 51(2), 307–320.
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.
Berger, T. R. (1988). Northern frontier northern homeland: The report of the Mackenzie valley pipeline inquiry. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre.
Chiu, A., Beaubier, J., Chiu, J., Chan, L., & Gerstenberger, S. (2004). Epidemiologic studies of PCB congener profiles in North American fish consuming populations. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 22(1), 13–36.
Clark, A. L., & Cook Clark, J. (1999). The new reality of mining development: Social and cultural issues in Asia and Pacific nations. Resources Policy, 25(3), 189–196.
Coates, K., & Morrison, W. (1992). The forgotten north: A history of Canada’s Provincial Norths. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company.
Dake, K. (1992). Myths of nature: Culture and the social construction of risk. Journal of Social Issues, 48(4), 21–37.
Elliott, S. J., & Foster, L. T. (1995). Mind-body-place: A geography of Aboriginal health in British Columbia. In P. H. Stephenson, S. J. Elliott, L. T. Foster, & J. Harris (Eds.), A persistent spirit: Towards understanding aboriginal health in British Columbia (pp. 95–125). Victoria: Western Geographical Press.
Environmental Mining Council of BC. (n.d.). Acid mine drainage: Mining and water pollution issues in BC. Accessed 31 January 2006 from http://www.theminingnews.org/pubs/amd.pdf.
First Nations Summit. (2005). BC First Nations oppose mining company’s plan to destroy lake. Accessed 27 January 2006 from http://www.miningwatch.ca/index.php?/190/AFN_Kemess_resolution.
Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). Interviewing: The art of science. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials (pp. 47–78). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Forsythe, T. (2003). Critical political ecology: The politics of environmental science. London: Routledge.
Gibbs, L. M. (2003). Decolonising, multiplicities and mining in the Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia. Australian Geographical Studies, 41(1), 17–28.
Government of British Columbia. (2003a). Guide to the British Columbia environmental assessment process. Accessed 7 May 2008 from http://www.eao.gov.bc.ca/guide/2003/final-guide1-2003.pdf.
Government of British Columbia. (2003b). Supplementary guide to First Nations. Accessed 7 May 2008 from http://www.eao.gov.bc.ca/guide/2003/final-guide1-2003.pdf.
Harris, C. (2002). Making native space: Colonialism, resistance, and reserves in British Columbia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Harris, S., & Harper, B. L. (2001). Lifestyles, diets, and Native American exposure factors related to possible lead exposures and toxicity. Environmental Research Section A, 86(2), 140–148.
Hayter, R. (2003). “The war in the woods”: Post-Fordist restructuring, globalization, and the contested remapping of British Columbia’s forest economy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 93(3), 706–729.
Howitt, R. (1998). Recognition, respect and reconciliation: Steps towards decolonization? Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1998(1), 28–34.
Howitt, R. (2005). The importance of process in social impact assessment: Ethics, methods and process for cross-cultural engagement. Ethics, Place and Environment, 8(2), 209–221.
Jenkins, H. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and the mining industry: Conflicts and constructs. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 11(1), 23–34.
Kapelus, P. (2002). Mining, corporate social responsibility and the “community”: The cases of Rio Tinto, Richards Bay Minerals and the Mbonambi. Journal of Business Ethics, 39(3), 275–296.
Kelm, M. (1998). Colonizing bodies: Aboriginal health and healing in British Columbia 1900–1950. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Kelsey, E. (2003). Integrating multiple knowledge systems into environmental decision-making: Two case studies of participatory biodiversity initiatives in Canada and their implications for conceptions of education and public involvement. Environmental Values, 12(3), 381–396.
Kemess North Joint Review Panel. (2007). Kemess north copper–gold mine project: Joint review panel report. Canada: Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication.
Krimsky, S., & Golding, D. (Eds.). (1992). Social theories of risk. London: Praeger.
Kuhnlein, H. V., & Chan, H. M. (2000). Environment and contaminants in traditional food systems of northern indigenous peoples. Annual Review of Nutrition, 20(1), 595–626.
Lane, M. B., Ross, H., Dale, A. P., & Rickson, R. E. (2003). Sacred land, mineral wealth, and biodiversity at coronation hill, Northern Australia: Indigenous knowledge and SIA. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 21(2), 89–98.
Lorah, P., & Southwick, R. (2003). Environmental protection, population change, and economic development in the rural western United States. Population and Environment, 24(3), 255–272.
Lucas, P. (2002). Valuing birds in the bush: For pluralism in environmental risk assessment. Environmental Values, 11(2), 177–191.
Mayer, J. D. (1996). The political ecology of disease as one new focus for medical geography. Progress in Human Geography, 20(4), 441–456.
McCarthy, J. (2002). First world political ecology: Lessons from the wise use movement. Environment and Planning A, 34(7), 1281–1302.
McCarthy, J. (2005). First world political ecology: Directions and challenges. Environment and Planning A, 37(6), 953–958.
Mos, L., Jack, J., Cullon, D., Montour, L., Alleyne, C., & Ross, P. S. (2004). The importance of marine foods to a near-urban first nation community in Coastal British Columbia, Canada: Toward a risk-benefit assessment. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 67(8–10), 791–808.
Northgate Minerals Corporation. (2005a). Kemess mine expansion EIA, Appendix 1—detailed project description. Accessed 31 January 2006 from http://www.northgateminerals.com/frame_kemess_north_EIA.html? Open document.
Northgate Minerals Corporation. (2005b). Kemess mine expansion EIA, Appendix 3—alternatives completion report. Accessed 31 January 2006 from http://www.northgateminerals.com/frame_kemess_north_EIA.html? Open document.
Northgate Minerals Corporation. (2006). The Kemess mine. Accessed 10 January 2007 from http://www.northgateminerals.com/frame_kemess_mine.html.
O’Faircheallaigh, C., & Corbett, T. (2008). Indigenous participation in environmental management of mining projects: The role of negotiated agreements. Environmental Politics, 14(5), 629–647.
O’Neill, C. A. (2003). Risk avoidance, cultural discrimination, and environmental justice for Indigenous peoples. Ecology Law Quarterly, 30(1), 1–57.
Parlee, B., & O’Neil, J. (2007). “The dene way of life”: Perspectives on health from Canada’s North. Journal of Canadian Studies, 41(3), 112–133.
Richmond, C., Elliott, S. J., Matthews, R., & Elliott, B. (2005). The political ecology of health: Perceptions of environment, economy, health and well-being among Namgis first nation. Health & Place, 11(4), 349–365.
Robbins, P. (2002). Obstacles to a first world political ecology? Looking near without looking up. Environment and Planning A, 34(8), 1509–1513.
Shapcott, C. (1989). Environmental impact assessment and resource management, a Haida case study: Implications for native people of the North. Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 9(1), 55–83.
Stedman, R. C., Parkins, J. R., & Beckley, T. M. (2004). Resource dependence and community well-being in rural Canada. Rural Sociology, 69(2), 213–234.
Turney, L. (October 30, 2006). Public hearings, Prince George, BC. Accessed 10 May 2008 from http://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/050/documents_staticpost/cearref_3394/hearings/06-10-30-Transcripts.pdf.
Usher, P. J., Baikie, M., Demmer, M., Nakashima, D., Stevenson, M. G., & Stiles, M. (1995). Communicating about contaminants in country food: The experience in aboriginal communities. Ottawa: Research Department, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada.
Wilson, K. (2003). Therapeutic landscapes and First Nations peoples: An exploration of culture, health and place. Health & Place, 9(2), 83–93.
Acknowledgments
This research would not have been possible without the participation and support of Takla Lake First Nation and Tsay Keh Dene First Nation. We would also like to thank Kwadacha First Nation who also supported this project. This research is also made possible by funding from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), the Michael Smith Foundation, Canfor and Sun Life Financial.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Place, J., Hanlon, N. Kill the lake? kill the proposal: accommodating First Nations’ environmental values as a first step on the road to wellness. GeoJournal 76, 163–175 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9286-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9286-5