Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

A spatial perspective for predicting enrollment in a regional pharmacy school

  • Published:
GeoJournal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Having the ability to predict enrollment is an important task for any school’s recruiting team. The purpose of this study was to identify significant factors that can be used to predict the spatial distribution of enrollments. As a case study, we used East Tennessee State University (ETSU) pharmacy school, a regional pharmacy school located in the Appalachian Mountains. Through the application of a negative binomial regression model, we found that the most important indicators of enrollment volume for the ETSU pharmacy school were Euclidean distance, probability (based on competing pharmacy schools’ prestige, driving distance between schools and home and tuition costs), and the natural barrier of the Appalachian Mountains. Using these factors, together with other control variables, we successfully predicted the spatial distribution of enrollments for ETSU pharmacy school. Interestingly, gender also surfaced as a variable for predicting the pharmacy school’s enrollment. We found female students are more sensitive to the geographic proximity of home to school.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott, W. F., & Schmid, C. F. (1975). University prestige and first-time undergraduate migration in the United States. Sociology of Education, 48(2), 168–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appalachian Regional Commission. (2007). Economic overview. Retrieved October 21, 2007 from http://www.arc.gov/index.jsp

  • Baryla, E., & Dotterweich, D. (2004). Student migration: Do significant factors vary by region? Education Economics, 9(3), 269–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, P., & Riphahn, R. T. (2007). Heterogeneity in the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment: evidence from Switzerland on natives and second-generation immigrants. Journal of Population Economics, 20(1), 121–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Checchi, D. (2000). University education in Italy. International Journal of Manpower, 21(3–4), 177–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, M. A., Cobb, H. H., & Kotzan, J. A. (1995). Significant factors for predicting academic success of first-year pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 59, 364–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cline, R. R., & Mott, D. A. (1999). Relationship between attitudes, demographics and application decisions among pre-pharmacy students: An exploratory investigation. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 63, 394–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, W. C., Manski, C. F., & Wise, D. A. (1982). New evidence on the economic determinants of post-secondary schooling choices. Journal of Human Resources, 17(4), 477–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershon, S. K., & Cultice, J. M. (2000). How many pharmacists are in our future? Presented at the Annual Meeting, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Philadelphia, PA, June 5, 2000. http://www.hhs.gov/pharmacy/phpharm/howmany.html

  • Goenner, C. F., & Pauls, K. (2006). A predictive model of inquiry to enrollment. Research in Higher Education, 47(8), 935–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, W. H. (1997). Econometric analysis (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, G. (1996). Negative multinomial regression models for clustered event counts. Sociological Methodology, 26, 113–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagstrom, W. O. (1971). Inputs, outputs, and the prestige of university science departments. Sociology of Education, 44(4), 375–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hearn, J. C. (1988). Attendance at higher-cost colleges: Ascribed, socioeconomic, and academic influences on student enrollment patterns. Economics of Education Review, 7(1), 65–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houglum, J. E., Aparasu, R. R., & Delfinis, T. M. (2005). Predictors of academic success and failure in a pharmacy professional program. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 69(3), 283–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huff, D. L. (1963). A probabilistic analysis of shopping center trade areas. Land Economics, 39, 81–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imai, K., King, G., & Lau, O. (2007). Negbin: Negative binomial regression for event count dependent variables. In Zelig: Everyone’s statistical software. Retrieved Oct 15, 2007 from http://gking.harvard.edu/zelig

  • Jacobs, J. A. (1996). Gender inequality and higher education. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 153–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacody, K. A. (1978). The use of demographic and background variables as predictors of success in pharmacy school. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 42(1), 4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogut, B., & Chang, S. J. (1991). Technological capabilities and Japanese foreign direct investment in the United States. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 73(3), 401–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyung, W. (1996). In-migration of college students to the state of New York. Journal of Higher Education, 67(3), 349–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leppel, K. (1993). Logit estimation of a gravity model of the college enrollment decision. Research in Higher Education, 34(3), 387–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDermott, K. G., Conn, P. A., & Owen, J. W. (1987). The influences of parental education level on college choice. Journal of College Admissions, 115, 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macisco, J. J., & Pryor, E. T. (1963). A reappraisal of Ravenstein’s “laws” of migration: A review of selected studies of internal migration in the United States. The American Catholic Sociological Review, 24(3), 211–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddala, G. S. (1983). Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manski, C. F. (2000). Economic analysis of social interactions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 115–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marble, D. F., Mora, V. J., & Herries, J. P. (1995). Applying GIS technology to the freshman admissions process at a large university. Retrieved Oct 15, 2007 from http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc95/to200/p182.html

  • Miller, H. J., & Finco, M. V. (1995). Spatial search and spatial competition: A probability analysis of basic results from the spatially-restricted theory. The Annals of Regional Science, 29(1), 67–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okabe, A., & Okunuki, K.-I. (2001). A computational method for estimating the demand of retail stores on a street network and its implementation in GIS. Transactions in GIS, 5(3), 209–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, D. W. (2000). Poisson-based regression analysis of aggregate crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(1), 21–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sa, C. (2006). Does accessibility to higher education matter? Choice behavior of high school graduates in the Netherlands. Spatial Economic Analysis, 1(2), 155–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sa, C., Florax, R., & Rietveld, P. (2004). Determinants of the regional demand for higher education in the Netherlands: A gravity model approach. Regional Studies, 38(4), 375–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, N. F. (1986). The college selection process: Research within the twelfth-grade marketplace. Journal of College Admissions, 111, 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, A. (2000). Understanding supermarket competition using choice maps. Marketing Letters, 11(1), 21–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toutkoushian, R. K. (2001). Do parental income and educational attainment affect the initial choices of New Hampshire’s college-bound students? Economics of Education Review, 20(3), 245–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, G. C., & Bennetts, R. E. (1996). Analysis of frequency count data using the negative binomial distribution. Ecology, 77(8), 2549–2557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, S. C., Shann, P., & Hassell, K. (2006). Who will be tomorrow’s pharmacists and why did they study pharmacy? The Pharmaceutical Journal, 277(7410), 107–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witteman, J. K., Schimpfhauser, F. T., & Crowley, A. (1975). Dentistry, medicine, and pharmacy: Temperament, interests, ability, and socioeconomic index of three stable career groups. Journal of Dental Research, 54, 548–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, W. J. (1975). Distance decay values and shopping center size. The Professional Geographer, 27(3), 304–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ke Chen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chen, K., Kennedy, J., Kovacs, J.M. et al. A spatial perspective for predicting enrollment in a regional pharmacy school. GeoJournal 70, 133–143 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-008-9120-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-008-9120-5

Keywords

Navigation