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Continuous k nearest neighbor queries over large multi-attribute trajectories: a systematic approach

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Abstract

We study multi-attribute trajectories by combining standard trajectories (i.e., a sequence of timestamped locations) and descriptive attributes. A new form of continuous k nearest neighbor queries is proposed by integrating attributes into the evaluation. To enhance the query performance, a hybrid and flexible index is developed to manage both spatio-temporal data and attribute values. The index includes a 3D R-tree and a composite structure which can be popularized to work together with any R-tree based index and Grid-based index. We establish an efficient mechanism to update the index and define a cost model to estimate the I/Os. Query algorithms are proposed, in particular, an efficient method to determine the subtrees containing query attributes. Using synthetic and real datasets, we carry out comprehensive experiments in a prototype database system to evaluate the efficiency, scalability and generality. Our approach gains more than an order of magnitude speedup compared to three alternative approaches by using 1.8 millions of trajectories and hundreds of attribute values. The update performance is evaluated and the cost model is validated.

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Notes

  1. Trajectories containing only a single unit are treated as dirty data and will be removed from the dataset. It is rare and impractical that two consecutive GPS records have a major deviation.

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Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank Fabio Valdés, Thomas Behr and Sara Betkas for their helpful comments to improve the preliminary version. This work is supported by National Key Research and Development Plan of China (2018YFB1003902) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NO. NS2017073).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China

    Jianqiu Xu

  2. FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany

    Ralf Hartmut Güting

  3. ZheJiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Yunjun Gao

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  1. Jianqiu Xu
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  3. Yunjun Gao
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Correspondence to Jianqiu Xu.

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Appendix

Appendix

Unique attribute values by composite numbers

Given a point (x, y), its Z-order value is denoted by z-val(x, y) and the binary representation is z[2 ⋅ m] : z[i] = x[i], z[i + 1] = y[i], i∈ [0, m], x[m], y[m] are arrays of bits for binary representations x and y, respectively, and m is the number of bits to represent the coordinates.

Lemma 6

Let a1 ∈ dom(\(A_{d_{1}}\)) and a2 ∈ dom(\(A_{d_{2}}\)) be attribute values from two different domains, respectively. Then, we have z-val(d1, a1)≠ z-val(d2, a2).

Proof

Let z1[2 ⋅ m] and z2[2 ⋅ m] be binary representataions for z-val(d1, a1) and z-val(d2, a2), respectively. Because of d1≠d2, then arrays x1[m] and x2[m] are not equal. After the interleaving, there exists an even bit i ∈ [0, 2 ⋅ m - 1] such that z1[i]≠z2[i]. As a result, we have z1[2 ⋅ m]≠z2[2 ⋅ m]. The condition holds regardless of a1 and a2. □

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Xu, J., Güting, R.H. & Gao, Y. Continuous k nearest neighbor queries over large multi-attribute trajectories: a systematic approach. Geoinformatica 22, 723–766 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-018-0326-5

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