Abstract
Replacing resource-intensive materials with less impactful alternatives, particularly industrial wastes, or by-products, has been a trend in several areas, including the design and construction of infrastructure projects such as roads and highways. This paper examines the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP—aged pavement containing asphalt and aggregates removed from existing roads) combined with Carbide Lime (CL—a by-product of acetylene gas manufacture) and Ground Glass (GG—a waste containing amorphous silica) as a blend for the road base layer. The pozzolanic reactions between calcium ions in CL and the amorphous silica in GG create cementitious compounds that were found to enhance splitting tensile strength (qt), maximum shear modulus (Gmax), resilient modulus, and dynamic modulus (E*) of RAP–GG–CL blends. The porosity/binder index provided an appropriate parameter for modelling all these mechanical properties. A unique equation between the dynamic modulus and the porosity/binder index was obtained for the frequencies and temperatures studied. Generally, mixtures with lower porosity/binder index provided higher strength and stiffness due to their lower void volumes and higher solid particles in their micro-architectural structure. Finally, an environmental analysis was carried out, showing that the benefits of this fully recycled alternative to gravel (traditionally used for base layers) can be further enhanced by creating dosages best suited to different scenarios.
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Data Availability
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- A :
-
Scalar
- ALM:
-
Accumulated loss of mass
- B iv :
-
Volumetric binder content (binder volume expressed in relation to the total specimen volume)
- Civ :
-
Volumetric cement content (Portland cement volume expressed in relation to the total specimen volume)
- CL:
-
Carbide lime content (expressed in relation to mass of dry soil and GG200)
- E*:
-
Dynamic modulus
- F :
-
Frequency
- FA:
-
Fly ash
- G max :
-
Maximum shear modulus
- GG:
-
Ground glass
- GG 200 :
-
Ground glass passing through the No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve
- ICL:
-
Initial consumption of lime
- m CL :
-
Mass of carbide lime
- m GG :
-
Mass of ground glass
- q t :
-
Splitting tensile strength
- R2 :
-
Coefficient of determination
- RAP:
-
Reclaimed asphalt pavement
- RM:
-
Resilient modulus
- SSA:
-
Specific surface area
- TT:
-
Testing temperature
- UPV:
-
Ultrasonic pulse velocity
- V :
-
Total volume of specimen
- V CL :
-
Volume of carbide lime
- V GG :
-
Volume of ground glass
- V S :
-
Velocity of the shear wave
- WMA:
-
Warm mix asphalt
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence
- ZZ:
-
Scalar
- ρ :
-
Specific mass
- μ :
-
Poisson's ratio
- η :
-
Porosity
- η/B iv :
-
Porosity/binder index
- γ d :
-
Dry unit weight
- γ SRAP :
-
Unit weight of reclaimed asphalt pavement grains
- γ SCL :
-
Unit weight of carbide lime grains
- γ SGG :
-
Unit weight of ground glass grains
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to explicit their appreciation to the Brazilian Research Council CNPq (Editais INCT-REAGEO & Produtividade em Pesquisa) and CAPES for the support to the research presented in the manusript.
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Consoli, N.C., Tebechrani Neto, A., Khajeh, A. et al. Dynamic Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement–Green Cement Blends for Road Base Layer. Geotech Geol Eng 41, 3495–3511 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02470-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02470-0