Abstract
To investigate the effect of freeze–thaw cycles on sandstone's internal fracture development and damage evolution by analyzing the mechanical properties, energy evolution, and acoustic emission (AE) parameters of sandstone subjected to 0, 30, 50, and 70 freeze–thaw cycles. The results revealed that freeze–thaw cycles cause a decrease in the peak strength, elastic modulus, and brittleness of the sandstone. In contrast, the initial axial strain first decreases but eventually increases with an increasing number of freeze–thaw cycles. Throughout the freeze–thaw cycle, there is a reduction in both the total and elastic energy and their growth rates. Due to the impact of freeze–thaw cycles, secondary fractures occur in sandstone, ultimately leading to amplified dissipated energy during the compaction stage. The AE signal activity increases as the internal damage of the sandstone intensifies, and the active period advances with the number of freeze–thaw cycles. As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases, when the rock is damaged by load, the second increase of the dissipated-elastic energy ratio K-value is delayed, and the step-down of the b-value is advanced. The failure mode of sandstone changes from shear failure to tensile failure. Ultimately, the uniaxial compressive strength of freeze–thaw sandstone follows an exponential decay model, which can be used to predict the strength of freeze–thaw sandstone. The high-frequency and high-amplitude AE signal, the second increase in the K-value, and the step-like decrease in the b-value can be used as reliable indicators of the fracture and instability of freeze-thawed sandstone.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support offered by the Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (NJYT22073); Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation (2022MS05037).
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Wang, C., You, R. & Han, T. Experimental Study on Sandstone Fracture and Damage Evolution Law Under Freeze–Thaw Cycles. Geotech Geol Eng 41, 2923–2937 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02437-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02437-1