Abstract
Damage to pipelines buried in liquefiable deposits under earthquake loadings has been the main concern for geotechnical engineering in seismically active areas. This paper presents a finite element model of a pipeline buried in the sand-tire mixture under earthquake loading. The sand-tire mixture was modeled by QuadUP elements and a critical state two-surface plasticity constitutive model. Here, we consider Dafalias and Manzari's model for the sand-tire mixture to predict the dynamic behavior of pipelines during earthquake loading. Variation of excess pore water pressure and uplift of pipe during liquefaction of soil are studied using a fully coupled dynamic analysis. Numerical analyzes are performed using the open-source code OpenSees to simulate the pipeline. For verification of the numerical model, simulation of a series of centrifuge tests is conducted and the results are compared with test measurements. The effects of several parameters including different amounts of tire crumb, the percentage of soil relative density, burial depth, the diameter of the pipe and different earthquake time histories are also studied, here. The results show that by increasing tire content in the sand-tire mixture, the excess pore water pressure decreased. Therefore, tire crumbs mixed with sand are useful for decreasing the liquefaction of soil induced floating of buried pipes. Moreover, the parameters such as relative density, optimal depth of buried pipes and pipes diameter have a significant impact on reducing the uplift of pipes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.
References
Abdoun TH, Ha D, O’Rourke MJ, Symans MD, O’Rourke TD, Palmer MC, Stewart HE (2009) Factors influencing the behavior of buried pipelines subjected to earthquake faulting. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 29(3):415–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.04.006
Arulmoli K, Muraleetharan KK, Hossain MM, Fruth LS (1992) VELACS Laboratory testing program, soil data report. The Earth Technology Corporation.
Bahadori H, Khalili A (2019) Effect of loading frequency on the dynamic properties of sand-tire mixture. Acta Geodyn Geomater 16(3):269–280
Bahadori H, Manafi S (2015) Effect of tyre chips on dynamic properties of saturated sands. Int J Phys Model Geotech 15(3):116–128. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.13.00014
Bahadori H, Farzalizadeh R, Barghi A, Hasheminezhad A (2018) A comparative study between gravel and rubber drainage columns for mitigation of liquefaction hazards. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10(5):924–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.03.008
Bao X, Jin Z, Cui H, Chen X, Xie X (2019) Soil liquefaction mitigation in geotechnical engineering: An overview of recently developed methods. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 120:273–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.01.020
Been K, Jefferies MG (1985) A state parameter for sands. Geotechnique 35(2):99–112. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1985.35.2.99
Black JR (2013) Earthquake damage to pipelines: a Christchurch perspective. In: Proc., Pipelines Conf. Reston VA: ASCE 1–29.
Cheuk CY, White DJ, Bolton MD (2008) Uplift mechanisms of pipes buried in sand. Geotech Geoenviron Eng 134(2):154–163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:2(154)
Chian SC, Madabhushi SPG (2012) Effect of buried depth and diameter on uplift of underground structures in liquefied soils. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 41:181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.05.020
Choobbasti AJ, Tavakoli H, Kutanaei SS (2014) Modeling and optimization of a trench layer location around a pipeline using artificial neural networks and particle swarm optimization algorithm. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 40:192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.10.003
Conlee CT, Gallagher PM, Boulanger RW, Kamai R (2012) Centrifuge modeling for liquefaction mitigation using colloidal silica stabilizer. Geotechn Geoenviron Eng 138(11):1334–1345. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000703
Dafalias YF, Manzari MT (2004) Simple plasticity sand model accounting for fabric change effects. Eng Mech 130(6):622–634. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2004)130:6(622)
Das S, Bhowmik D (2020) small-strain dynamic behavior of sand and sand–crumb rubber mixture for different sizes of crumb rubber particle. Mater Civ Eng 32(11):04020334. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003425
Edil TB, Bosscher PJ (1994) Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures. Geotech Test 17(4):453–464
Fang H, Li B, Wang F, Wang Y, Cui C (2018) The mechanical behaviour of drainage pipeline under traffic load before and after polymer grouting trenchless repairing. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 74:185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.018
Farzalizadeh R, Hasheminezhad A, Bahadori H (2021) Shaking table tests on wall-type gravel and rubber drains as a liquefaction countermeasure in silty sand. Geotext Geomembr 49(6):1483–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2021.06.002
Foray P, Bonjean D, Michallet H, Mory M (2006) Fluid-soil-structure interaction in liquefaction around a cyclically moving cylinder. Waterway Port Coastal Ocean Eng 132(4):289–299. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2006)132:4(289)
Ghazavi M, Sakhi MA (2005) Influence of optimized tire shreds on shear strength parameters of sand. Int J Geomech 5(1):58–65. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2005)5:1(58)
Ha D, Abdoun TH, O’Rourke MJ, Symans MD, O’Rourke DT, Palmer MC, Stewart HE (2008) Centrifuge modeling of earthquake effects on buried high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipelines crossing fault zones. Geotech Geoenviron Eng 134(10):1501–1515. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:10(1501)
Hazarika H, Kohama E, Sugano T (2008) Underwater shake table tests on waterfront structures protected with tire chips cushion. Geotech Geoenviron Eng 134(12):1706–1719. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)10900241(2008)134:12(1706)
Huang B, Liu J, Lin P, Ling D (2014) Uplifting behavior of shallow buried pipe in liquefiable soil by dynamic centrifuge test. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/838546
Joshi S, Amit P, Arghya D, Sudhir KJ (2011) Analysis of buried pipelines subjected to reverse fault motion. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31(7):930–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.02.003
Kaneko T, Orense RP, Hyodo M, Yoshimoto N (2013) Seismic response characteristics of saturated sand deposits mixed with tire chips. Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139:633–643. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000752
Koseki J, Matsuo O, Tanaka S (1998) Uplift of sewer pipes caused by earthquake induced liquefaction of surrounding soil. Soils Found 38(3):75–87. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.3_75
Laura J, Cruz AM, Sukan FV, Ersoz Y (1999) Risk Management Practices at Industrial Facilities during the Turkey Earthquake of August 17, Case Study Report.
Lee JH, Sagado R, Bernal A, Lovell CW (1999) Sheredded tires and rubber-sand as lightweight backfill. Geotech Geoenviron Eng 125(2):132–141. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:2(132)
Li B, Huang M, Zeng X (2016) Dynamic behavior and liquefaction analysis of recycled-rubber sand mixtures. Mater Civ Eng 28(11):122–136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001629
Ling HI, Mohri Y, Kawabata T, Liu H, Burke C, Sun L (2003) Centrifugal modeling of seismic behavior of large-diameter pipe in liquefiable soil. Geotech Geoenviron Eng 129(12):1092–1101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1092)
Ling HI, Sun L, Liu H, Mohri Y, Kawabata T (2008) Finite element analysis of pipe buried in saturated soil deposit subject to earthquake loading. Earthq Tsunami 2(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431108000244
Liu H, Song E (2006) Working mechanism of cutoff walls in reducing uplift of large underground structures induced by soil liquefaction. Comput Geotech 33(4–5):209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.07.002
Madhusudhan BR, Boominathan A, Banerjee S (2017) Static and large-strain dynamic properties of sand–rubber tire shred mixtures. Mater Civ Eng 29(10):04017165. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002016
Madhusudhan BR, Boominathan A, Banerjee S (2020) Cyclic simple shear response of sand–rubber tire chip mixtures. Int J Geomech 20(9):04020136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001761
Manzari MT, Dafalias YF (1997) A critical state two-surface plasticity model for sands. Géotechnique 47(2):255–272. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.2.255
Maotian L, Xiaoling Z, Qing Y, Ying G (2009) Numerical analysis of liquefaction of porous seabed around pipeline fixed in space under seismic loading. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 29(5):855–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.09.002
Masad EM, Taha RHOC, Papagiannakis T (1996) Engineering properties of tire/soil mixtures as a lightweight fill material. Geotech Test 19(3):297–304
Mashiri MS, Vinod JS, Neaz Sheikh M (2016) Constitutive model for sand-tire chip mixture. Int J Geomech 16(1):04015022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000472
Mazzoni S, McKenna F, Fenves GL (2011) OpenSees getting started manual.
Miyamoto J, Sassa S, Tsurugasaki K, Sumida H (2020) Wave-induced liquefaction and floatation of a pipeline in a drum centrifuge. Waterway Port Coastal Ocean Eng 146(2):04019039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000547
Nair GS, Dash SR, Mondal G (2018) Review of pipeline performance during earthquakes since 1906. Perform Constr Facil. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001214
Nakhaei A, Marandi SM, Kermani SS, Bagheripour MH (2012) Dynamic properties of granular soils mixed with granulated rubber. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 43:124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.07.026
Noorzad R, Raveshi M (2017) Mechanical behavior of waste tire crumbs–sand mixtures determined by triaxial tests. Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 35:1793–1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0209-9
Orense RP, Morimoto I, Yamamoto Y, Yumiyama T, Yamamoto H, Sugawara K (2003) Study on wall-type gravel drains as liquefaction countermeasure for underground structures. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 23(1):19–39
O’Rourke TD, Gowdy TE, Stewart HE, Pease JW (1991) Lifeline and Geotechnical Aspects of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics, University of Missouri-Rolla 2, pp 1601–1612.
O’Rourke TD (1992) Hamada M. Case studies of liquefaction and lifeline performance during past earthquakes: technical report NCEER-92-0002, Vol 2. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY.
Otsubo M, Towhata I, Hayashida T, Shimura M, Uchimura T, Liu B, Taeseri D, Cauvin B, Rattez H (2016) Shaking table tests on mitigation of liquefaction vulnerability for existing embedded lifelines. Soils Found 56(3):348–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.04.003
Ozkul ZH, Baykal G (2007) Shear behavior of compacted rubber fiber-clay composite in drained and undrained loading. Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(7):767–781. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:7(767)
Rahmani A, Pak A (2012) Dynamic behavior of pile foundations under cyclic loading in liquefiable soils. Comput Geotech 40:114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.09.002
Rao GV, Dutta RK (2006) Compressibility and strength behaviour of sand–tyre chip mixtures. Geotech Geol Eng 24(3):711–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-4006-x
Raveshi M, Noorzad R (2023) Calibration of a critical state two-surface plasticity model for sand-tire mixture and liquefaction analysis. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng, under review.
Riveros GA, Sadrekarimi A (2020) Liquefaction resistance of Fraser River sand improved by a microbially-induced cementation. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 131:106034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106034
Robert DJ, Soga K (2013) Soil-pipeline interaction in unsaturated soils. University of Cambridge (PhD thesis), pp 303–325. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.11686
Saeedzadeh R, Hataf N (2011) Uplift response of buried pipelines in saturated sand deposit under earthquake loading. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31(10):1378–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.05.013
Salvatore E, Modoni G, Mascolo MC, Grassi D, Spagnol G (2020) Experimental evidence of the effectiveness and applicability of colloidal nanosilica grouting for liquefaction mitigation. Geotech Geoenviron Eng 146(10):04020108. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002346
Schofield AN (1981) Dynamic and earthquake centrifuge geotechnical modeling. In: Proceedings of international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics. MO: University of Missouri-Rolla.
Shahir H, Pak A, Taiebat M, Jeremic B (2012) Evaluation of variation of permeability in liquefiable soil under earthquake loading. Comput Geotech 40:74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.10.003
Sharafi H, Parsafar P (2016) Seismic simulation of liquefaction-induced uplift behavior of buried pipelines in shallow ground. Arab J Geosci 9:215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2025-y
Shimamura K, Hamada M, Yasuda S, Kojima S, Fujita Y, Kikuchi T (1998) Experimental and analytical study of the floatation of burid gas steel pipe due to liquefaction. In: 11th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paris, France.
Shinozuka M, Ballantyne D, Borcherdt R, Buckle I, O’Rourke T, Schiff A (1995) The Hanshin–Awaji earthquake of January 17, 1995. Performance of lifelines, Technical Report Prepared for NCEER, Buffalo, NY.
Taylor PR, Ibrahim HH, Yang D (2005) Seismic retrofit of George massey tunnel. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 34:519–542. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.447
Trautmann CH, O’Rourke TD, Kulhawy FD (1985) Uplift force displacement response of buried pipe. Geotech Eng 111(9):1061–1076. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:9(1061)
Trifonov OV (2015) Numerical stress-strain analysis of buried steel pipelines crossing active strike-slip faults with an emphasis on fault modeling aspects. Pipeline Syst Eng Pract 6(1):04014008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000177
Tsai JS, Jou LD, Lin SH (2000) Damage to buried water supply pipelines in the chichi (Taiwan) earthquake and apreliminary evaluation of seismic resistance of pipe joints. J Chin Inst Engrs 23(4):395–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2000.9670560
Tsang HH (2008) Seismic isolation by rubber-soil mixture for developing countries. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 37(2):283–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.756
Vazouras P, Karamanos SA, Dakoulas P (2010) Finite element analysis of buried steel pipelines under strike-slip fault displacements. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30(11):1361–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.06.011
Yan K, Zhang J, Wang Z, Liao W, Wu Z (2018) Seismic responses of deep buried pipeline under non-uniform excitations from large scale shaking table test. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 113:180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.05.036
Yang S, Lohnes RA, Kjartanson BH (2002) Mechanical properties of shredded tires. Geotech Test 25(1):44–52
Yong Y (1997) Response of pipeline structure subjected to ground motion excitation. Eng Struct 19(8):679–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(96)00135-6
Youwai S, Bergado DT (2003) Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire–sand mixtures. Can Geotech 40(2):254–264. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-104
Zhang XL, Jeng DS, Luan MT (2011) Dynamic response of a porous seabed around pipeline under three-dimensional wave loading. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31(5–6):785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.01.002
Zienkiewicz OC, Shiomi T (1984) Dynamic behavior of saturated porous media; the generalized Biot formulation and its numerical solution. Int J Numer Methods Eng 8:71–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610080106
Zienkiewicz OC, Chan AHC, Pastor M, Paul DK, Shiomi T (1990) Static and dynamic behavior of soils: a rational approach to quantitative solutions. I: fully saturated problems. Proc R Soc London A 429:285–309. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1990.0061
Zornberg JG, Viratjandr C, Cabral AR (2004) Behaviour of tire shred-sand mixtures. Can Geotech 41(2):227–241. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-086
Acknowledgements
The research presented in this paper was financially supported by the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology through Grant Programs BNUT/370723/00 and BNUT/945140006/96.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest associated with this manuscript and there has been no financial support for this research that could have influenced its outcome.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Raveshi, M., Noorzad, R. Numerical Investigation of Liquefaction Resistance of Buried Pipelines with Sand-Tire Mixture Using Critical State Two-Surface Plasticity Model. Geotech Geol Eng 41, 2243–2262 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02395-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02395-8