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GIS-based Settlement Risk Assessment and its Effect on Surface Structures: A Case Study for the Tabriz Metro—line 1

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Abstract

Ground deformations caused by tunnelling operation may compromise existing infrastructure and structures. Depending on the state of the buildings, and the amount of settlement that will occur, damage to the buildings could be induced. It is therefore a good practice to conduct a settlement risk assessment. The study presented herein provides information about settlement and damage induced due to metro tunnel excavation operations. During the excavation phase of the tunnel within the Tabriz alluvium (sand to fine-grained sediments with considerable pore pressure), the settlements that caused damages to the surface urban facilities and buildings were monitored. The presented study focuses on the effect of surface settlement that are induced due to tunnel excavation and provides risk-ability maps using a Geographic Information System to represent the degree of ground deformations which vary from very high-risk to very low-risk susceptibility zones. The risk class for each building is determined by a combination of the vulnerability of the structure to settlement-induced damage (which isexpressed as the building class) and the actual chance of settlement-induced damage (which is expressed as the damage category). In order to identify possible damage to each building, the settlements should be linked to building deformations and provide risk maps. The risk maps were prepared based on the severity of the building’s vulnerability, subsidence value, and structure durability classes which was implemented by the finite element code provided by the Plaxis software. According to the results, the buildings and structures located along the tunnel excavation route have suffered structural damage due to the severity of the subsidence.

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Data Availability

Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

Abbreviations

GIS:

Geographic Information System

TBM:

Tunnel boring machine

DEM:

Discrete element method (numerical)

FEM:

Finite element method (numerical)

FDM:

Finite difference method (numerical)

FEM/DEM:

Finite-distinct element method (numerical)

EPB:

Earth-pressure balanced

SPT:

Standard penetration test

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

FHWA:

Federal Highway Administration

USCS:

Unified soil classification system

VL :

Volume loss

Vs :

Volume of settlement trough

Smax :

Maximum vertical settlement

C1 :

Conicity contraction

C2 :

Relaxation contraction

Ctotal :

Total contraction

Δ:

Differential settlements of two corners of the building

β:

Angular rotation in radians

L:

The length of the building in the desired section

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to special thank to Prof. Dr. Haluk Akgün (Department of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey) to help for English language modifications of the paper and regardless thank the anonymous reviewers for providing invaluable review comments and recommendations for improving the scientific level of the article.

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The authors have not disclosed any funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran

    Arash Esmatkhah Irani, Ali Azadi, Mahdi Nikbakht & Fariba Behrooz Sarand

  2. Geotechnical Unit, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Azarafza & Masoud Hajialilue Bonab

Authors
  1. Arash Esmatkhah Irani
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  2. Ali Azadi
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  3. Mahdi Nikbakht
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  4. Mohammad Azarafza
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  5. Masoud Hajialilue Bonab
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  6. Fariba Behrooz Sarand
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Correspondence to Mohammad Azarafza.

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Esmatkhah Irani, A., Azadi, A., Nikbakht, M. et al. GIS-based Settlement Risk Assessment and its Effect on Surface Structures: A Case Study for the Tabriz Metro—line 1. Geotech Geol Eng 40, 5081–5102 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02201-x

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