Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cone Penetration Test Based Direct Methods for Evaluating Static Axial Capacity of Single Piles

  • State-of-the-Art Review
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The direct cone penetration test (CPT) based pile design methods use the measured penetrometer readings by scaling relationships or algorithms in a single-step process to enable the assessment of pile capacity components of shaft and base resistance (f p and q b, respectively) for evaluation of full-size pilings. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of published works that focus on direct CPT evaluation of static axial pile capacity. The review is presented in a chronological order to explicate the evolution over the past six decades of an in situ test based solution for this soil-structure interaction problem. The objective of this study is an attempt to assemble maximum published methods proposed as a result of past investigations in one resource to afford researchers and practitioners with convenient access to the respective design equations and charts. In addition to an all-inclusive summary table and the design charts, a compilation of significant findings and discussions thereof are presented. Furthermore, potential future research directions are indicated, with special emphasis on the optimal use of the modern multi-channel hybrid geophysical-geotechnical seismic CPT to evaluate the complete axial pile load–displacement response.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abu-Farsakh MY, Titi HH (2004) Assessment of direct cone penetration test methods for predicting the ultimate capacity of friction driven piles. ASCE J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130(9):935–944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida MSS, Danziger FAB, Lunne T (1996) Use of the piezocone test to predict the axial capacity of driven and jacked piles in clay. Can Geotech J 33(1):33–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsamman OM (1995) The use of CPT for calculating axial capacity of drilled shafts. PhD Thesis, UIUC, IL, 299 p

  • Altaee A, Fellenius BH, Evgin E (1992) Axial load transfer for piles in sand I: tests on an instrumented precast pile. Can Geotech J 29(1):11–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki N, Velloso DA (1975) An approximate method to estimate the bearing capacity of piles. In: Proceedings of 5th Pan-American conference of soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Buenos Aires, pp 367–376

  • API (1969) Recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforms. API RP2A, 1st edn. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC

  • API (1975) Recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforms. API RP2A, 6th edn. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC

  • API (1976) Recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforms. API RP2A, 7th edn. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC

  • API (1987) Recommended practice for planning, designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforms. API RP2A, 17th edn. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC

  • API (1993) Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms—working stress design. API RP2A, 20th edn. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC

  • Ardalan H, Eslami A, Nariman-Zahed N (2009) Piles shaft capacity from CPT and CPTu data by polynomial neural networks and genetic algorithms. Comput Geotech 36:616–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begemann HKSPh (1963) The use of the static penetrometer in Holland. NZ Eng 18(2):41

    Google Scholar 

  • Begemann HKSPh (1965) The maximum pulling force on a single tension pile calculated on the basis of results of the adhesion jacket cone. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Montreal 2, p 229

  • Begemann HKSPh (1969) The Dutch static penetration test with the adhesion jacket cone. Delft Soil Mechanics and Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, XIII(1), p 1

  • Bogdanovic L (1961) The use of penetration tests for determining the bearing capacity of piles. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Paris 2, p 17

  • Bond AJ (1989) Behaviour of displacement piles in overconsolidated clays. PhD Thesis, Imperial College, London

  • Burland JP (1973) Shaft friction of piles in clay—a simple fundamental approach. Ground Eng 6(3):30–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Burland JP (1993) Closing address. In: Proceedings of recent large-scale fully instrumented pile tests in clay. Institute of Civil Engineers, London, pp 590–595

  • Bustamante M, Frank R (1997) Design of axially loaded piles—French practice. In: Design of axially loaded piles—European practice, proceedings of the ERTC3 seminar, Brussels, Belguim, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp 161–175

  • Bustamante M, Gianeselli L (1982) Pile bearing capacity predictions by means of static penetrometer CPT. In: Proceedings of 2nd European symposium on penetration testing (ESOPT-II), Amsterdam, pp 493–500

  • Cai G, Liu S, Tong L, Du G (2009) Assessment of direct CPT and CPTu methods for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of single piles. Eng Geol 104:211–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai G, Liu S, Puppala AJ (2011) Evaluation of pile bearing capacity from piezocone penetration test data in soft Jiangsu Quaternary clay deposits. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 29:177–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai G, Liu S, Puppala AJ (2012) Reliability assessment of CPTu-based pile capacity predictions in soft clay deposits. Eng Geol 141–142:84–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler RJ (1968) The shaft friction of piles in cohesive soils in terms of effective stress. Civ Eng Public Works Rev 60(708):48–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen YJ, Kulhawy FH (1994) Case history evaluation of the behavior of drilled shafts under axial and lateral loading. EPRI TR-104601, Research Project No. 1493–04

  • Chen J-J, Zhang L (2013) Effect of spatial correlation of cone tip resistance on the bearing capacity of piles. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(3):494–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow FC (1997) Investigations into displacement pile behaviour for offshore foundations. PhD Thesis, Imperial College, London

  • Clausen CJF, Aas PM, Karlsrud K (2005) Bearing capacity of driven piles in sand, the NGI approach. In: Proceedings of international symposium on frontiers in offshore geomechanics (ISFOG 2005), Perth. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 677–681

  • Clisby MB, Scholtes RM, Corey MW, Cole HA, Teng P, Webb JD (1978) An evaluation of pile bearing capacities, vol I, Final Report, Mississippi State Highway Department

  • De Beer EE (1963) The scale effect in the transposition of the results of deep sounding tests on the bearing capacity of piles and caisson foundations. Géotechnique 13(1):39–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Nicola A, Randolph MF (1993) Tensile and compressive shaft capacity of piles in sand. J Geotech Eng Div ASCE 119(12):1952–1973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Nicola A, Randolph MF (1999) Centrifuge modelling of pipe piles in sand under axial loads. Géotechnique 49(3):295–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Ruiter J, Beringen FL (1979) Pile foundations for large North Sea structures. Mar Geotechnol 3(3):267–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dećourt L (1999) Behavior of foundations under working load conditions. In: Proceedings of the 11th Pan-American conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Foz DoIguassu, Brazil, 4, pp 453–488

  • Doherty P, Gavin K (2011) The shaft capacity of displacement piles in clay: a state of the art review. Geotech Geol Eng 29(4):389–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drewry JM, Weidler JB, Hoang ST (1977) Predicting axial pile capacities for offshore platforms. Pet Eng: 41–44

  • Eslami A, Fellenius BH (1997) Pile capacity by direct CPT and CPTu methods applied to 102 case histories. Can Geotech J 34(6):880–898

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellenius BH (2002) Excerpt from Chapter 6 of the red book: direct methods for estimating pile capacity, in Background to UniCone http://www.fellenius.net. Accessed 22 May 2010

  • Fioravante V (1994) Centrifuge modeling of driven and bored piles in sand subjected to axial load. Workshop on pile foundations experimental investigation, analysis and design, Napoli, pp 125–163

  • Fioravante V, Ghionna VN, Jamiolkowski M, Pedroni S (1995) Load carrying capacity of large diameter bored piles in sand and gravel. In: Proceedings of 10th Asian regional conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Beijing 2, pp 3–15

  • Flaate K, Selnes P (1977) Side friction of piles in clay. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Tokyo, pp 517–522

  • Fleming WGK, Weltman AJ, Randolph MF, Elson WK (1992) Piling engineering, 2nd edn. Blackie/Halsted Press, John Wiley and Sons, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Gavin KG, Lehane BM (2003) The shaft capacity of pipe piles in sand. Can Geotech J 40:36–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gavin KG, Lehane BM (2005) Estimating the end bearing resistance of pipe piles in sand using the final filling ratio. In: Proceedings of international symposium on frontiers in offshore geomechanics (ISFOG 2005), Perth. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 717–723

  • Gwizdala K (1984) Large diameter bored piles in non-cohesive soils. Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Report No. 26, Linkoping, Sweden

  • Hirany A, Kulhawy FH (1988) Conduct and interpretation of load tests on drilled shaft foundations. Report Electric Power Research Institute EL-5915, 1, Palo Alto, CA

  • Huizinga TK (1951) Application of results of deep penetration tests to foundation piles. In: Proceedings of building research congress, London, Div. 1, Part 3, 173 p

  • Igoe DJP, Gavin KG, O’Kelly BC (2010) Field tests using an instrumented model pile in sand. In: Proceedings of physical modelling in geotechnics. Taylor and Francis Group, pp 775–780

  • Igoe DJP, Gavin KG, O’Kelly BC (2011) Shaft capacity of open-ended piles in sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 137(10):903–913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamiolkowski M (2003) Deep foundations on bored and auger piles. In: Proceedings of the 4th international geotechnical seminar on deep foundations on bored and auger piles, Ghent, pp 83–100

  • Jardine RJ (1985) Investigations of pile-soil behaviour with special reference to the foundations of offshore structures. PhD Thesis, Imperial College, London

  • Jardine RJ, Chow FC, Overy R, Standing J (2005) ICP design methods for driven piles in sands and clays. Thomas Telford Publishing, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsrud K (2012) Prediction of load-displacement behavior and capacity of axially-loaded piles in clay based on analyses and interpretation of pile load test results. PhD Dissertation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 320 p

  • Karlsrud K, Hansen SB, Dyvik R, Kalsnes B (1993). NGI’s pile tests at Tilbrook and Pentre—review of testing procedures and results. In: Clarke J (ed) Large-scale pile tests in clay. Thomas Telford, London, pp 549–583

  • Karlsrud K, Clausen CJF, Aas PM (2005) Bearing capacity of driven piles in clay, the NGI approach. In: Proceedings of frontiers in offshore geotechnics (ISFOG 2005), Perth. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 775–782

  • Kempfert H-G, Becker P (2010) Axial pile resistance of different pile types based on empirical values. In: Proceedings of Geo-Shanghai 2010 deep foundations and geotechnical in situ testing (GSP 205). ASCE, Reston, VA, pp 149–154

  • Kerisel JL (1964) Deep foundations basic experimental facts. In: Proceedings of conference on deep foundations, Mexico City 1, 7 p

  • Kerisel JL (1965) Vertical and horizontal bearing capacity of deep foundations in clay. Bearing capacity and settlement of foundations, Duke University, Durham, NC, pp 45–51

  • Kolk HJ, van der Velde E (1996) A reliable method to determine the friction capacity of piles driven into clays. In: Proceedings of 28th annual offshore technology conference, Houston, TX, pp 337–346

  • Kolk HJ, Baaijens AE, Senders M (2005) Design criteria for pipe piles in silica sands. In: Proceedings of international symposium on frontiers in offshore geomechanics (ISFOG 2005), Perth. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 711–716

  • Kraft LM, Focht JA, Amerasinghe SF (1981) Friction capacity of piles driven into clay. J Geotech Eng Div 107:1521–1541

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulhawy FH (2004) On the axial behavior of drilled foundations. In: Turner JP, Mayne PW (eds) GeoSupport 2004: drilled shafts, micropiling, deep mixing, remedial methods, and specialty foundation systems (GSP 124). ASCE, Reston, VA, pp 34–51

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kulhawy FH, Mayne PW (1990) Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design. Report EL-6800, Research project 1493-6, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Atlo, CA

  • Kulhawy FH, Phoon K (1993) Drilled shaft side resistance in clay soil to rock. Design and performance of deep foundations: piles and piers in soil and rock, ASCE (GSP 38), pp 172–183

  • Kulhawy FH, Trautmann CH, Beech JF, O’Rourke TD, McGuire W (1983) Transmission line structure foundations for uplift-compression loading. Report EL-2870, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 412 p

  • Lee JH, Salgado R (1999) Determination of pile base resistance in sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 125(8):673–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehane BM (1992) Experimental investigations of pile behaviour using instrumented field piles. PhD Thesis, lmperial College, London

  • Lehane BM, Gavin KG (2001) Base resistance of jacked pipe piles in sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(6):473–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehane BM, Schneider JA, Xu X (2005) The UWA-05 method for prediction of axial capacity of driven piles in sand. In: Proceedings of international symposium on frontiers in offshore geomechanics (ISFOG 2005), Perth. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 683–689

  • Lunne T, Robertson PK, Powell JJM (1997) Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice. Blackie Academic, London, Routledge, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayne PW (2007) Cone penetration testing—a synthesis of highway practice. NCHRP Synthesis 368, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayne PW, Elhakim A (2002) Axial pile response evaluation by geophysical piezocone tests. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on piling and deep foundations, DFI, Nice, Presses de l’ecole nationale des Ponts et chaussees, pp 543–550

  • Mayne PW, Niazi FS (2009) Evaluating axial elastic pile response from cone penetration tests. (2009 Michael O’Neill Lecture). J Deep Found Inst 3(1):3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayne PW, Schneider JA (2001) Evaluating axial drilled shaft response by seismic cone. Foundation and ground improvement (GSP No. 113), ASCE, Reston, VA, pp 655–669

  • Mayne PW, Woeller DJ (2008) O-cell response using elastic pile and seismic piezocone tests. In: Proceedings of the 2nd British geotechnical association international conference on foundations (ICOF 2008), Dundee. IHS BRE Press, UK, 1, pp 235–246

  • Mayne PW, Niazi FS, Woeller DJ (2010) Drilled shaft response in Piedmont residuum using elastic continuum analysis and seismic piezocone tests. In: Proceedings of Geo-Shanghai 2010 deep foundations and geotechnical ln-situ testing (GSP 205). ASCE, Reston, Virginia, pp 200–205

  • McClelland B (1974) Design of deep penetration piles for ocean structures. J Geotech Eng Div 100:709–747

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzenbach E (1961) The determination of permissible point loads of piles by means of static penetration tests. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Paris 2, 99 p

  • Meyerhof GG (1956) Penetration tests and bearing capacity of cohesionless soils. ASCE J Soil Mech Found Div 82:866–1019

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhof GG (1976) Bearing capacity and settlement of pile foundations. J Geotech Eng Div 102:195–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhof GG (1983) Scale effects of ultimate pile capacity. J Geotech Eng 109:797–806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff GG (1951) The ultimate bearing capacity of foundations. Géotechnique 2(4):301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller GA, Lutenegger AJ (1997) Influence of pile plugging on skin friction in overconsolidated clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 123:525–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niazi FS (2011) Axial pile displacement evaluations from seismic piezocone data and backanalysis of load tests. In: Proceedings of the DFI 36th annual conference on deep foundations. Boston, MA, pp 191–200

  • Niazi FS, Mayne PW (2010) Evaluation of EURIPIDES pile load tests response from CPT results. Int J Geoeng Case Hist 1(4):367–386. www.geoengineer.org

    Google Scholar 

  • Niazi FS, Mayne PW, Woeller DJ (2010a) Review of CPT-based methods for response evaluation of driven piles in dense sands. In: Proceedings of international conference on geotechnical engineering, Pakistan, pp 259–266

  • Niazi FS, Mayne PW, Woeller DJ (2010b) Drilled shaft O-Cell response at Golden Ears bridge from seismic cone tests. The art of foundation engineering practice. ASCE (GSP No. 198), Reston, VA, pp 452–469

  • Niazi FS, Mayne PW, Woeller DJ (2010c) Case history of axial pile capacity and load-settlement response by SCPTu. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on cone penetration testing (CPT’10), Huntington Beach, CA, 3, pp 9–16

  • Nottingham LC (1975) Use of quasi-static friction cone penetrometer data to predict load capacity of displacement piles. PhD Thesis, University of Florida

  • Pando MA, Fernandez AL, Filz GM (2004) Pile settlement predictions using theoretical load transfer curves and seismic CPT data. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on site characterization (ISC-2): geotechnical and geophysical site characterization, Millpress, Rotterdam, pp 1525–1531

  • Patel DC (1989) A case study of the shaft friction of bored piles in London clay in terms of effective stress. Thesis, University of London, Imperial College, as referenced in Patrizi and Burland (2001)

  • Patrizi P, Burland J (2001) Development in the design of driven piles in clay in terms of effective stresses. Riv ltal di Geotec 35(3):35–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck RB (1958) A study of the comparative behavior of friction piles. Special Report No. 36, Highway Research Board

  • Pelletier JH, Doyle EH (1982) Tension capacity in silty clays—beta pile tests. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on numerical methods in offshore piling, Austin, pp 1–19

  • Philipponnat G (1980) Methode pratique de calcul d’un pieu isole a l’aide du penetrometre statique. Rev Fr Géotech 10:55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Plantema G (1948) Results of a special loading test on a reinforced concrete pile, a so-called pile sounding. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Rotterdam 2, 112 p

  • Poulos HG (1989) Pile behavior: theory and applications. Rankine Lect Géotech 39(3):363–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell JJM, Quarterman RST (1988) The interpretation of cone penetration tests in clays with particular reference to rate effects. Penetration Testing 1988, vol 2, (Orlando, FL), Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp 903–909

  • Powell JJM, Lunne T, Frank R (2001) Semi-empirical design for axial pile capacity in clays. In: Proceedings of 15th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, (Istanbul), Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp 991–994

  • Price G, Wardle IF (1982) A comparison between cone penetration test results and the performance of small diameter instrumented piles in stiff clay. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European symposium on penetration testing, Amsterdam, 2, pp 775–780

  • Randolph MF (1983) Design considerations for offshore piles. In: Proceedings of conference on geotechnical practice in offshore engineering, Austin, pp 422–439

  • Randolph MF, Murphy BS (1985) Shaft capacity of driven piles in clay. In: Proceedings of 17th annual offshore technology conference, Houston, 1, pp 371–378

  • Randolph MF, Wroth CP (1982) Recent developments in understanding the axial capacity of piles in clay. Ground Eng 15(7):17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Reese LC, O’Neill MW (1988) Drilled shafts: construction practices and design methods, Publication No. FHWA-HI-88-042, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Implementation, Washington, DC, 564 p

  • Reuter GR (2010) Pile capacity prediction in Minnesota soils using direct CPT and CPTu methods. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on cone penetration testing (CPT’10). Huntington Beach, CA, Omnipress

  • Salgado R (2006) The role of analysis in non-displacement pile design. Mod Trends Geomech, In: Springer proceedings in physics, 106, pp 521–540

  • Schmertmann JH (1978) Guidelines for cone penetration test, performance and design. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, Report No. FHWA-TS-78-209, 145 p

  • Semple RM, Rigden WJ (1984) Shaft capacity of driven pipe piles in clay. In: Proceedings of symposium on analysis and design of deep foundations, San Francisco, pp 59–79

  • Seo H, Yildirim IZ, Prezzi M (2009) Assessment of the axial load response of an H pile driven in multilayered soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 135(12):1789–1804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skempton AW (1959) Cast in situ bored piles in London clay. Géotechnique 9(2):91–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Takesue K, Sasao H, Matsumoto T (1998) Correlation between ultimate pile skin friction and CPT data. Geotechnical Site Characterization (2), Rotterdam, pp 1177–1182

  • Togliani G (2008) Pile capacity prediction for in situ tests. In: Proceedings of geotechnical and geophysical site characterization, Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 1187–1192

  • Togliani G (2010) Pile capacity prediction using CPT—case history. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on cone penetration testing, CPT’10, Huntington Beach, CA, Paper No. 3–13. www.cpt10.com. Accessed 28 Nov 2012

  • Tomlinson MJ (1957) The adhesion of piles driven in clay soils. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, London

  • Toolan FE, Lings ML Mirza UA (1990) An appraisal of API RP2A recommendations for determining skin friction of piles in sand. In: Proceedings of 22nd offshore technology conference, Houston, pp 33–42

  • Tumay MT, Fakhroo M (1982) Friction pile capacity prediction in cohesive soils using electric quasi-static penetration tests. Interim Research Report No. 1, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Research and Development Section, Baton Rouge, LA, 275 p

  • Twine D (1987) Shaft friction of bored, cast in situ piles in stiff, overconsolidated clays in terms of effective stress. Thesis, University of London, Imperial College, as referenced in Patrizi and Burland (2001)

  • Van der Veen C, Boersma L (1957) The bearing capacity of a pile predetermined by a cone penetration test. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, London 2, 72 p

  • Van Dijk BFJ, Kolk HJ (2011) CPT-based design method for axial capacity of offshore piles in clays. In: Proceedings of frontiers in offshore geotechnics II. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 555–560

  • Vesić AS (1964) Investigations of bearing capacity of piles in sand. In: Proceedings of the conference on deep foundations, Mexico City 1, 197 p

  • Vijayvergiya VN, Focht JA (1972) A new way to predict the capacity of piles in clay. In: Proceedings of 4th annual offshore techonology conference, Houston, pp 269–284

  • White DJ, Bolton MD (2005) Comparing CPT and pile base resistance in sand. Proc Inst Civil Eng Geotech Eng 158(GE1):3–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward RJ, Lundgren R, Boitano JD (1961) Pile loading tests in stiff clays. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Paris, pp 177–184

  • Yu F, Yang J (2012) Base capacity of open-ended steel pipe piles in sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138(9):1116–1128

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank ConeTec Investigations for their continued support of in situ testing research at Georgia Tech.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geosystems Engineering Division, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0355, USA

    Fawad S. Niazi & Paul W. Mayne

Authors
  1. Fawad S. Niazi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul W. Mayne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fawad S. Niazi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Niazi, F.S., Mayne, P.W. Cone Penetration Test Based Direct Methods for Evaluating Static Axial Capacity of Single Piles. Geotech Geol Eng 31, 979–1009 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9662-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9662-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation