Skip to main content
Log in

Shear Strength Criteria for Unsaturated Soils

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Shear strength is one of the fundamental properties of unsaturated soils. It has been found to change with matric suction. Various shear strength equations have been proposed for predicting the shear strength versus suction relationship for unsaturated soils. Some of these equations are based on regression analysis of experimental data, while some are embodied in more complex stress–strain constitutive models. In this paper, a variety of shear strength equations are examined and compared with respect to their fit of experimental data. Data for specimens prepared from initially slurry conditions as well as data for initially compacted soil specimens are analysed. The advantages and limitations associated with various proposed shear strength equations are discussed in this paper.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alonso EE, Gens A, Josa A (1990) A constitutive model for partially saturated soils. Géotechnique 40(3):405–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bao CG, Gong B, Zhan L (1998) Properties of unsaturated soils and slope stability of expansive soil. Keynote lecture. In: Proceedings of the second international conference on unsaturated soils—UNSAT 98, vol 1. Beijing, pp 71–98

  • Bishop AW, Blight GE (1963) Some aspects of effective stress in saturated and partly saturated soils. Géotechnique 13:177–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham MR, Ridley AM, Dineen K, Burland JB (2003) The mechanical behaviour of a reconstituted unsaturated silty clay. Géotechnique 53(2):183–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Escario V, Juca JFT (1989) Strength and deformation of partly saturated soils. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering (ICSMFE), vol 1. Rio de Janeiro, pp 43–46

  • Escario V, Saez J (1986) The shear strength of partly saturated soils. Géotechnique 36(3):453–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG (1989) The character of the shear strength envelope for unsaturated soils. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering (ICSMFE). The Victor de Mello Volume, Rio de Janeiro, pp 142–149

  • Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H (1993) Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG, Xing A (1994) Equations for soil–water characteristic curve. Can Geotech J 31:521–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG, Morgenstern NR, Widger A (1978) Shear strength of unsaturated soils. Can Geotech J 15:313–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG, Xing A, Fredlund MD, Barbour SL (1996) The relationship of unsaturated soil shear strength to the soil–water characteristic curve. Can Geotech J 33:440–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gan JK-M, Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H (1988) Determination of the shear strength parameters of an unsaturated soil using the direct shear test. Can Geotech J 25(3):500–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garven EA, Vanapalli SK (2006) Evaluation of empirical procedures for predicting the shear strength of unsaturated soils. In: Proceeding of the fourth international conference of unsaturated soil—unsaturated soil 2006. Carefree, pp 2570–2581

  • Khalili N, Khabbaz MH (1998) A unique relationship for the determination of the shear strength of unsaturated soils. Géotechnique 48(5):681–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee IM, Sung SG, Cho GC (2005) Effect of stress state on the unsaturated shear strength of a weathered granite. Can Geotech J 42:624–631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka H, Yao YP, Sun DA (1999) The cam-clay models revised by the SMP criterion. Soils Found 39(1):81–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Melinda F, Rahardjo H, Han KK, Leong EC (2004) Shear strength of compacted soil under infiltration condition. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 130(8):807–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miao L, Liu S, Lai Y (2002) Research of soil–water characteristics and shear strength features of Nanyang expansive soil. Eng Geol 65:261–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muir Wood D (1990) Soil behaviour and critical state soil mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng CWW, Chiu ACF (2001) Behaviour of loosely compacted unsaturated volcanic soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 127(12):1027–1036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng CWW, Pang YW (2000) Influence of stress state on soil–water characteristics and slope stability. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering, ASCE 126(2):157–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nuth M, Laloui L (2008) Effective stress concept in unsaturated soils: clarification and validation of a unified framework. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 32:771–801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oberg A, Sallfors G (1997) Determination of shear strength parameters of unsaturated silts and sands based on the water retention curve. Geotech Test J GTJODJ 20(1):40–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oloo SY, Fredlund DG, Gan JKM (1997) Bearing capacity of unpaved roads. Can Geotech J 34:398–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pham QH (2005) A volume-mass constitutive model for unsaturated soil. PhD thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

  • Rahardjo H, Lim TT, Chang MF, Fredlund DG (1995) Shear strength characteristics of a residual soil. Can Geotech J 32:60–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rassam DW, Cook FJ (2002) Predicting the shear strength envelope of unsaturated soil. Geotech Test J 28:215–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Rassam DW, Williams DJ (1997) Shear strength of unsaturated gold tailings. In: Proceedings of the eighth Australia-New Zealand conference on geotechnics, vol 1. Hobart, pp 329–335

  • Rassam DW, Williams DJ (1999) A relationship describing the shear strength of unsaturated soils. Can Geotech J 36:363–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Röhm SA, Vilar OM (1995) Shear strength of an unsaturated sandy soil. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on unsaturated soils, vol. 1, September 1995. Paris. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 189–193

  • Schrefler BA (1984) The finite element method in soil consolidation (with applications to surface subsidence). Ph.D. Thesis, University College of Swansea, C/Ph/76/84, 1984

  • Sheng D, Sloan SW, Gens A, Smith DW (2003) Finite element formulation and algorithms for unsaturated soils. Part I: theory. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 27(9):745–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng D, Sloan SW, Gens A (2004) A constitutive model for unsaturated soils: thermomechanical and computational aspects. Computational Mechanics 33(6):453–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng D, Fredlund DG, Gens A (2008) A new modelling approach for unsaturated soils using independent stress variables. Can Geotech J 45:511–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun DA, Matsuoka H, Yao YP, Ichihara W (2000) An elastoplastic model for unsaturated soil in three-dimensional stresses. Soils Found 40(3):17–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun DA, Sheng D, Cui HB, Sloan SW (2007) A density dependent elastoplastic hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated compacted soil. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Method in Geomechanics 31(11):1257–1279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarantino A (2007) A possible critical state framework for unsaturated compacted soils. Géotechnique 57(4):385–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarantino A, Tombolato S (2005) Coupling of hydraulic and mechanical behaviour in unsaturated compacted clay. Géotechnique 55(4):307–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tekinsoy MA, Kayadelen C, Keskin MS, Soylemaz M (2004) An equation for predicting shear strength envelope with respect to matric suction. Comput Geotech 31(7):589–593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thu TM, Rahardjo H, Leong EC (2006) Shear strength and pore water pressure characteristics during constant water content triaxial tests. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 136(3):411–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thu TM, Rahardjo H, Leong EC (2007) Critical state behavior of a compacted silt specimen. Soils Found 47(4):749–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thu TM, Rahardjo H, Leong EC (2008) Soil–water characteristic curve and consolidation behavior for a compacted silt. Can Geotech J 44:266–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toll DG (1990) A framework for unsaturated soil behaviour. Géotechnique 40(1):31–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toll DG, Ong BH (2003) Critical state parameters for an unsaturated residual sandy clay. Géotechnique 53(1):93–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toyota H, Sakai N, Nishimura T (2001) Effects of stress history due to unsaturation and drainage condition on shear properties of unsaturated cohesive soil. Soils Found 41(1):13–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyota H, Nakamura K, Sakai N (2003) Mechanical properties of unsaturated cohesive soil in consideration of tensile stress. Soils Found 43(2):115–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanapalli SK, Fredlund DG (2000) Comparison of different procedures to predict unsaturated soil shear strength. In: ASTM proceedings, unsaturated soils, Geo-Denver 2000, August 3–8

  • Vanapalli SK, Fredlund DG, Pufahl DE, Clifton AW (1996) Model for the prediction of shear strength with respect to soil suction. Can Geotech J 33:379–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler SJ, Sivakumar V (2000) Influence of compaction procedure on the mechanical behaviour of an unsaturated compacted clay. Part 2: shearing and constitutive modelling. Géotechnique 50(4):369–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu YF (2004) Fractal approach to unsaturated shear strength. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130(3):264–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou AN, Sheng D (2009) Yield stress, volume change and shear strength behaviour of unsaturated soils: validation of the SFG model. Can Geotech J 46(9):1034–1045

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daichao Sheng.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sheng, D., Zhou, A. & Fredlund, D.G. Shear Strength Criteria for Unsaturated Soils. Geotech Geol Eng 29, 145–159 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-009-9276-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-009-9276-x

Keywords

Navigation