Abstract.
Liquefaction of loose and saturated soils during earthquakes and strong ground motions has been a major cause of damage to buildings and earth embankments as well as other civil engineering structures. In order to evaluate the liquefaction potential and steady state characteristics of gravely sand of south west Tehran,a subsoil exploration program conducted dividing the region into 10 zones. In each zone of 500 m × 500 m a borehole of 20 m deep was drilled. SPT was performed at one meter intervals in each borehole and a total of 200 samples were recovered. Soils of similar grain size distribution have been considered to have similar steady state characteristics,therefore consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on these soils of similar grain size distribution to evaluate the steady state strength. The steady state line for each soil type was derived. Comparing the steady state strengths with the shear stress due to an earthquake with a PGA of 0.35 g,the potential of sand liquefaction and .ow failure in soil layers has been evaluated and the settlement of soil due to the liquefaction phenomena is calculated. Finally some recommendations for estimating the steady state strength from simple SPT test in gravely sands are presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
E. Asghari D.G. Toll S.M. Haeri (2003) ArticleTitleTriaxial behavior of a cemented gravely sand, Tehran alluvium GEGE. 21 1–28
A.W. Bishop D.J. Henkel (1969) The measurement of soil properties in Triaxial Test William Clowes and Sons Limited London and Beccles.
Casagrande A. (1936). Characteristics of cohesionless soil affecting the stability of slopes and earth fills, Journal of Boston Society of Civil Engrg.,13-32
G. Castro (1969) Liquefaction of sands,Harvard Soil Mechanics Series 87 Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts
G. Castro (1975) ArticleTitleLiquefaction and cyclic mobility of sands, ASCE J. Geotech. Engrg. 101, No. GT6 551–569
G. Castro S.J. Poulos (1977) ArticleTitleFactors affecting liquefaction and cyclic mobility, ASCE J. Geotech. Engrg. 103 IssueID6 501–515
G. Castro S.J. Poulos (1982) ArticleTitleFactors affecting liquefaction and cyclic mobility, ASCE J. Geotech. Engrg. 106, No. GT6 501–506
R.T. Donaghe P.A. Gilbert W.F. Marcuson (1986) ArticleTitleDiscussion of ’New procedure for saturating sand specimens’ ,by de Carvalho et al., ASCE J. Geotech. Engrg. 112 IssueID1 103–105 Occurrence Handle10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:1(103)
Gibbs H.J. and Holtz W.G. (1957). Research on determining the density of sands by spoon penetrating testing,In: Proc. Fourth, Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineerig. Vol. 1,London,35-39.
Haeri,S.M. (1992) Liquefaction associated with Manjil earthquake of June 20 1990,Iran, In: Proc. 5th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Karlsruhe,pp. 325–339.
S.M. Haeri S.S. Yasrebi (1999) ArticleTitleEffect of amount and angularity of particles on undrained behavior of silty sands,Scientia Iranica International Journal of Science and Technology. 6 IssueID3 & 4 188–195
Haeri,S.M. and Shirazi,A. (2000) Liquefaction Microzonation of south west Tehran,In: Proc. of 5th Int. Conf. on Civil Engrg.,Iran, pp. 72–79.
Haeri,S.M. and Hamidi,A. (2002) Steady state characteristics of sandy soils of south west Tehran and liquefaction evaluation of the area using this concept,Sharif, Journal of Science and Technology No. 20,36–45.
K. Ishihara M. Yoshimine (1992) Evaluation of settlements in sand deposits following liquefaction during earthquakes, Soils and Foundations 32 IssueID1 173–188
K. Ishihara S.M. Haeri A.A. Moinfar I. Towhata S. Tsujion (1992) ArticleTitleGeotechnical aspects of the June 20 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran Soils and Foundations 32 IssueID3 61–78
K. Ishihara (1993) ArticleTitleLiquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes Geotechnique 43 IssueID3 351–415
H. Kishida (1966) ArticleTitleDamage to reinforced concrete buildings in Niigata city with special reference to foundation engineering Soil and Foundation 6 IssueID1 71–88
Y. Ohsaki (1966) ArticleTitleNiigata earthquake,1964 building damage and soil condition Soil and Foundation 6 IssueID2 14–37
S.J. Poulos (1981) ArticleTitleThe steady state of deformation, ASCE J. Geotech. Engrg. 107,No. GT5 553–562
S.J. Poulos G. Castro J.W. France (1985) ArticleTitleLiquefaction evaluation procedure, ASCE J. Geotech. Engrg. 111 IssueID6 772–792 Occurrence Handle10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:6(772)
H.B. Seed I.M. Idriss (1971) ArticleTitleSimpli.ed procedure for evaluating the soil liquefaction potential, ASCE J. Geotech. Engrg. 97 1249–1273
H.B. Seed (1979) ArticleTitleConsiderations in earthquake resistant design of earth and rock fill dams Geotechnique. 29 IssueID3 215–263 Occurrence Handle10.1680/geot.1979.29.3.215
Seed R.B. and Harder L.F. (1990). SPT-based analysis of cyclic pore pressure generation and undrained residual strength,In: J.M. Duncan (ed.), Proceedings, H.B. Seed Memorial Symposium,Vol. 2,University of California,Berkeley,pp. 351-376
T.D. Stark G. Mesri (1992) ArticleTitleUndrained shear strength of sands for stability analysis, ASCE J. Geotech. Engrg. 118 IssueID11 1727–1747
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haeri, S.M., Hamidi, A. Steady state and liquefaction characteristics of gravely sands. Geotech Geol Eng 23, 141–156 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-003-4995-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-003-4995-x