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Spatial distribution and environmental risk of soil phosphorus under a long-term fertilizer strategy in a rice–wheat rotation system

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Abstract

Straw returning and livestock manure reuse are effective nature-based solutions (NBS) for nutrient cycling and sustainable crop production. However, it remains unclear how these agricultural practices affect phosphorus (P) transformation, movement, and the risk of loss in long-term crop production. The present study assessed the 30-year effects of the following five fertilizer treatments on rice yield, P transformation, movement, and loss in the soil profile: control (no fertilizer), NPK (chemical fertilizer), NPK + S (NPK with straw returning), NPK + M (NPK with manure), and NPK1.5 + S (1.5-folds NPK with straw returning). Compared with the NPK treatment, the NPK + S, NPK + M, and NPK1.5 + S treatments demonstrated no further increase in rice grain yield but significantly increased the seasonal soil P surplus by 3.3, 6.0, and 16.8 kg P ha−1, respectively. Compared with NPK, the soil Olsen-P concentration in the 0–0.2 m soil layer increased by 24.5 and 89.7% respectively for NPK + S and NPK1.5 + S. The environmental soil P threshold for the rice–wheat rotation system in Purpli-Udic Cambisol is 49.9 mg kg−1. The straw returning treatment (NPK + S and NPK1.5 + S) continually maintained a higher P index (9.5–13.5) in the 0–0.3 m soil layers. These results suggested that an integrative P strategy should be provided to manage soil P surplus and P environmental loss risk in the chemical combined with organic fertilizers of rice–wheat rotation, ensuring sustainable food security and achieving NBS goals.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

The codes analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32002139), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWU119033), Scientific Research Startup Foundation of Southwest University (SWU120071), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-328017493/GRK 2366 (Sino-German IRTG AMAIZE-P).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China

    Yuan Wang, Yutao Cui, Shunjin Li, Huaiyu Yang & Wei Zhang

  2. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China

    Yuan Wang, Yutao Cui, Shunjin Li, Huaiyu Yang & Wei Zhang

  3. Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China

    Yuan Wang & Wei Zhang

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  1. Yuan Wang
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  4. Huaiyu Yang
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  5. Wei Zhang
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Y. W and W. Z. Investigation: Y. W., YT. C., and SJ. L. Writing - Original Draft: Y. W. Visualization: Y. W. Formal analysis: Y. W. and W. Z. Writing - Review & Editing: Y. W., YX. W., HY. Y. and W. Z. Funding acquisition: HY. Y and W. Z. All authors read and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Wei Zhang.

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Wang, Y., Cui, Y., Li, S. et al. Spatial distribution and environmental risk of soil phosphorus under a long-term fertilizer strategy in a rice–wheat rotation system. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 128, 73–88 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-023-10326-5

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