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Land management between crops affects soil inorganic nitrogen balance in a tropical rice system

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Abstract

Sustainable production of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) requires minimising undesirable soil nitrogen (N) losses via nitrate (NO3 −) leaching and denitrification. However, information is limited on the N transformations that occur between rice crops (fallow and land preparation), which control indigenous N availability for the subsequent crop. In order to redress this knowledge gap, changes in NO3 − isotopic composition (δ15N and δ18O) in soil and water were measured from harvest through fallow, land preparation, and crop establishment in a 7 year old field trial in the Philippines. During the period between rice crops, plots were maintained either, continuously flooded, dry, or alternately wet and dry from rainfall. Plots were split with addition or removal of residue from the previous rice crop. No N fertilizer was applied during the experimental period. Nitrogen accumulated during the fallow (20 kg NH4 +–N ha−1 in flooded treatments and 10 kg NO3 −–N ha−1 in treatments with drying), but did not influence N availability for the subsequent crop. Nitrate isotope fractionation patterns indicated that denitrification drove this homogenisation: during land preparation ~50 % of inorganic N in the soil (top 10 cm) was denitrified, and by 2 weeks after transplanting this increased to >80 % of inorganic N, regardless of fallow management. The 17 days between fallow and crop establishment controlled not only N attenuation (3–7 kg NO3 −–N ha−1 denitrified), but also N inputs (3–14 kg NO3 −–N ha−1 from nitrification), meaning denitrification was dependent on soil nitrification rates. While crop residue incorporation delayed the timing of N attenuation, it ultimately did not impact indigenous N supply. By measuring NO3 − isotopic composition over depth and time, this study provides unique in situ measurements of the pivotal role of land preparation in determining paddy soil indigenous N supply.

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Notes

  1. Redox potential could not be measured in treatment D on days 1 and 32 due to extreme soil dryness causing the electrode to lose contact with the soil.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks to Angel Bautista, Sonny Pantoja, and Jerone Onoya for assistance with field work at the IRRI experimental farm and to Mia Bunquin (International Rice Research Institute) for assistance in preparing samples for isotope analysis. Thanks especially to Jun Correa for management oversight of the field trial. Thanks to Roger Cresswell and Joy Jiao at Lincoln University for analytical assistance. Research funding came from Lincoln University, W. Troy Baisden at GNS Science, plus additional funding to N.S.W. from the U.S. Student Fulbright Programme/PAEF and the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 under Grant Agreement Number 265063).

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  1. Naomi S. Wells

    Present address: Department of Catchment Hydrology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser Str 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany

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  1. Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand

    Naomi S. Wells & Tim J. Clough

  2. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines

    Sarah E. Johnson-Beebout & Roland J. Buresh

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  1. Naomi S. Wells
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Wells, N.S., Clough, T.J., Johnson-Beebout, S.E. et al. Land management between crops affects soil inorganic nitrogen balance in a tropical rice system. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 100, 315–332 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-014-9644-7

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