Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mixed mode testing of a multi-directional woven laminate

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Fracture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mixed-mode fracture toughness tests were carried out on a multi-directional laminate making use of a Brazilian disk specimen. The composite laminate consisted of plain, balanced woven plies with tows in the \(0^{\circ }/90^{\circ }\)-directions and the \(+45^{\circ }/-45^{\circ }\)-directions. The delamination was placed between two of these plies by means of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film. Tests at various loading angles were performed in order to obtain a wide range of mode mixities. Each ply was homogenized by means of a micro-mechanical model to obtain its effective properties. The specimens were analyzed by means of the finite element method. An interaction energy or M-integral was extended for this interface to obtain the stress intensity factors. The latter were used to determine the critical interface energy release rate and two phase angles. Employing this information, a three-dimensional failure criterion proposed elsewhere was presented. The criterion may be used to predict failure of a composite structure containing a delamination along the interface and material studied here.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aboudi J, Arnold SM, Bednarcyk BA (2012) Micromechanics of composite materials: a generalized multiscale analysis approach. Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Arcan M, Hashin Z, Voloshin A (1978) A method to produce uniform plane-stress states with applications to fiber-reinforced materials. Exp Mech 18(4):141–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ASTM D5229/D5229M-92 (reapproved 2010) (2011) Test method for moisture absorption properties and equilibrium conditioning of polymer matrix composites. In: Space simulation; aerospace and aircraft; composite materials, Vol. 15.03, ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  • ASTM D5528-13 (2013) Standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. In: Space simulation; aerospace and aircraft; composite materials, Vol. 15.03, ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  • ASTM D6671-13 (2014) Standard test method for mixed mode I-mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. In: Space simulation; aerospace and aircraft; composite materials, Vol. 15.03, ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  • ASTM D7905-14 (2014) Standard test method for determination of the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. In: Space simulation; aerospace and aircraft; composite materials, Vol. 15.03, ASTM International, West Conshohocken

  • Atkinson C, Smelser RE, Sanchez J (1982) Combined mode fracture via the cracked Brazilian disk test. Int J Fract 18(4):279–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L (2018) Interface fracture and delaminations in composite materials. Springer International Publishing, Cham

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L, Bortman Y (1984) Reappraisal of the quarter-point quadrilateral element in linear elastic fracture mechanics. Int J Fract 25(3):169–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L, Schwartz J (2002) Fracture testing of Brazilian disk sandwich specimens. Int J Fract 118(3):191–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L, Arcan M, Bortman Y (1984) A mixed mode fracture specimen for mode II dominant deformation. Eng Fract Mech 20(1):145–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bank-Sills L, Travitzky N, Ashkenazi D, Eliasi R (1999) A methodology for measuring interface fracture properties of composite materials. Int J Fract 99(3):143–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L, Travitzky N, Ashkenazi D (2000) Interface fracture properties of a bimaterial ceramic composite. Mech Mater 32(12):711–722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L, Boniface V, Eliasi R (2005) Development of a methodology for determination of interface fracture toughness of laminate composites-the \(0^{\circ }/90^{\circ }\) pair. Int J Solids Struct 42(2):663–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L, Freed Y, Eliasi R, Fourman V (2006) Fracture toughness of the \(+45^{\circ }/-45^{\circ }\) interface of a laminate composite. Int J Fract 141(1–2):195–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L, Konovalov N, Fliesher A (2010) Comparison of two and three-dimensional analyses of interface fracture data obtained from Brazilian disk specimens. Int J Struct Integr 1(1):20–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks-Sills L, Ishbir C, Fourman V, Rogel L, Eliasi R (2013) Interface fracture toughness of a multi-directional woven composite. Int J Fract 182(2):187–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bathe KJ (2011) ADINA-automatic dynamic incremental nonlinear analysis, Version 8.8.0. ADINA R&D, Inc., Watertown

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman B, Brunner A, Davies P (2001) Delamination fracture of continuous fibre composites: mixed-mode fracture. In: Moore DR, Williams JG, Pavan A (eds) Fracture mechanics testing methods for polymers, adhesives and composite, vol 28. ESIS, Oxford, pp 335–359

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco N, Gamstedt EK, Costa J, Trias D (2006) Analysis of the mixed-mode end load split delamination test. Compos Struct 76(1–2):14–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro F (1943) A new method to determine the tensile strength of concrete. In: Proceedings of the 5th meeting of the Brazilian association for technical rules, vol 3, pp 126–129

  • Chocron T, Banks-Sills L (2019) Nearly mode I fracture toughness and fatigue delamination propagation in a multidirectional laminate fabricated by a wet-layup. Phys Mesomech 22(2):107–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi N, Kinloch A, Williams J (1999) Delamination fracture of multidirectional carbon-fiber/epoxy composites under mode I, mode II and mixed-mode I/II loading. J Compos Mater 33(1):73–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson BD, Krüger R, König M (1995) Three-dimensional analysis of center-delaminated unidirectional and multidirectional single-leg bending specimens. Compos Sci Technol 54(4):385–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DaVis (2015) Version 8.3. LaVision, G\(\ddot{\text{o}}\)ttingen, Germany

  • Dolev O (2019) Mixed mode fracture behavior of a multi-directional plain weave laminate composite produced from a Prepreg. Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University, Israel, in preparation

  • Garg DP, Zikry MA, Anderson GL (2001) Current and potential future research activities in adaptive structures: an ARO perspective. Smart Mater Struct 10(4):610–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashemi S, Kinloch A, Williams J (1990) The effects of geometry, rate and temperature on the mode I, mode II and mixed-mode I/II interlaminar fracture of carbon-fibre/poly (ether-ether ketone) composites. J Compos Mater 24(9):918–956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ISO 15024 (2001) Fiber reinforced plastic composites—determination of mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, \(G_{Ic}\), for unidirectional reinforced materials. ISO, Cham

  • ISO 15114 (2014) Fiber reinforced plastic composites - determination of mode II fracture resistance for unidirectionally reinforced materials using the calibrated end loaded split (C-ELS) test and an effective crack length approach. ISO, Cham

  • Kinloch A, Wang Y, Williams J, Yayla P (1993) The mixed-mode delamination of fibre composite materials. Compos Sci Technol 47(3):225–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kravchenko OG, Kravchenko SG, Sun CT (2017) Thickness dependence of mode I interlaminar fracture toughness in a carbon fiber thermosetting composite. Compos Struct 160:538–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mega M, Banks-Sills L (2019) Mixed mode interface fracture toughness of a multi-directional composite—UD/woven pair. Theor Appl Fract Mech 104:102323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mega M, Dolev O, Banks-Sills L (2020) Two and three-dimensional failure criteria for laminate composites. J Appl Mech 87(2):021001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mollón V, Bonhomme J, Viña J, Argüelles A (2010) Theoretical and experimental analysis of carbon epoxy asymmetric DCB specimens to characterize mixed mode fracture toughness. Polym Test 29(6):766–770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee KY (1994) Characterization of delamination behavior of unidirectional graphite/peek laminates using cracked lap shear (CLS) specimens. Compos Struct 29(4):379–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz M (2002) Encyclopedia of materials. Parts and finishes. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Simon I, Banks-Sills L, Fourman V (2017) Mode I delamination propagation and R-ratio effects in woven composite DCB specimens for a multi-directional layup. Int J Fatigue 96:237–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ting TCT (1996) Anisotropic elasticity: theory and applications. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Triki E, Zouari B, Dammak F (2016) Dependence of the interlaminar fracture toughness of e-glass/polyester woven fabric composites laminates on ply orientation. Eng Fract Mech 159:63–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JS (1995) Interfacial fracture toughness of a copper/alumina system and the effect of the loading phase angle. Mech Mater 20(3):251–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C (1997) Fracture of interface cracks under combined loading. Eng Fract Mech 56(1):77–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JS, Suo Z (1990) Experimental determination of interfacial toughness curves using Brazil-nut-sandwiches. Acta Metall Mater 38(7):1279–1290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuuki R, Liu JQ, Xu JQ, Ohira T, Ono T (1994) Mixed mode fracture criteria for an interface crack. Eng Fract Mech 47(3):367–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to Tomer Chocron, Rami Eliasi, Victor Fourman, Mor Mega and Ido Simon for assistance with testing and analysis of the specimens, as well as in-depth discussions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dreszer Fracture Mechanics, Laboratory School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Ramat Aviv, Israel

    Leslie Banks-Sills & Orly Dolev

Authors
  1. Leslie Banks-Sills
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Orly Dolev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leslie Banks-Sills.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (pdf 1734 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Banks-Sills, L., Dolev, O. Mixed mode testing of a multi-directional woven laminate. Int J Fract 224, 1–13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-020-00429-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-020-00429-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation