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Hardy’s Non-locality Paradox and Possibilistic Conditions for Non-locality

Foundations of Physics volume 42, pages 709–719 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

Hardy’s non-locality paradox is a proof without inequalities showing that certain non-local correlations violate local realism. It is ‘possibilistic’ in the sense that one only distinguishes between possible outcomes (positive probability) and impossible outcomes (zero probability). Here we show that Hardy’s paradox is quite universal: in any (2,2,l) or (2,k,2) Bell scenario, the occurrence of Hardy’s paradox is a necessary and sufficient condition for possibilistic non-locality. In particular, it subsumes all ladder paradoxes. This universality of Hardy’s paradox is not true more generally: we find a new ‘proof without inequalities’ in the (2,3,3) scenario that can witness non-locality even for correlations that do not display the Hardy paradox. We discuss the ramifications of our results for the computational complexity of recognising possibilistic non-locality.

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Acknowledgements

SM would like to thank Samson Abramsky and Rui Soares Barbosa for valuable discussions, and acknowledges financial support from the National University of Ireland Travelling Studentship programme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK

    Shane Mansfield

  2. ICFO—Institut de Ciènces Fotòniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain

    Tobias Fritz

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  1. Shane Mansfield
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  2. Tobias Fritz
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Correspondence to Shane Mansfield.

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Mansfield, S., Fritz, T. Hardy’s Non-locality Paradox and Possibilistic Conditions for Non-locality. Found Phys 42, 709–719 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-012-9640-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-012-9640-1

Keywords

  • Non-locality
  • Bell inequality
  • Hardy paradox
  • Possibilistic