Skip to main content

Big Historical Foundations for Deep Future Speculations: Cosmic Evolution, Atechnogenesis, and Technocultural Civilization

Abstract

Big historians are attempting to construct a general holistic narrative of human origins enabling an approach to studying the emergence of complexity, the relation between evolutionary processes, and the modern context of human experience and actions. In this paper I attempt to explore the past and future of cosmic evolution within a big historical foundation characterized by physical, biological, and cultural eras of change. From this analysis I offer a model of the human future that includes an addition and/or reinterpretation of technological singularity theory with a new theory of biocultural evolution focused on the potential birth of technological life: the theory of atechnogenesis. Furthermore, I explore the potential deep futures of technological life and extrapolate towards two hypothetical versions of an ‘Omega Civilization’: expansion and compression.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

References

  • Abrams, M. H. (1963). English romanticism: The spirit of the age. Romanticism Reconsidered, 26–72.

  • Adams, H. (1909). The rate of phase applied to history. The Degradation of Democratic Dogma, 267–311.

  • Adams, F., & Laughlin, G. (1997). A dying universe: The long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects. Review of Modern Physics, 69, 337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, F., & Laughlin, G. (1999). The five ages of the universe: Inside the physics of eternity. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Armitage-Caplan, C., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., et al. (2013). Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results. ArXiv, 2013arXiv1303.5062P.

  • Aerts, D., Apostel, L., De Moor, B., Hellemans, S., Maex, E., Van Belle, H., et al. (1994). Worldviews: From fragmentation to integration. Brussels: VUB Press. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/CLEA/reports/WorldviewsBook.html. Accessed February 19, 2015.

  • Aguilar, W., Santamaria-Bonfil, G., Froese, T., & Gershenson, C. (2014). The past, present, and future of artificial life. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 1, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldous, D. J. (2010). The great filter, branching histories and unlikely events. Mathematical Scientist, 1–14.

  • Anderson, P. W. (1972). “More is different”: Broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical structure of science. Science, 177, 393–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P. (1998). The origins of postmodernity. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R., GIllies, A., & Lock, L. C. (2010). Pan thanatology. Current Biology, 20, R349–R351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annis, J. (1999). Placing a limit on star-fed Kardashev type III civilizations. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 52, 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonov, A. A. (2011). From artificial intelligence to human super-intelligence. International Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, S. (2014). Smarter than us: The rise of machine intelligence. Machine Intelligence Research Institute.

  • Armstrong, S., & Sandberg, A. (2013). Eternity in six hours: Intergalactic spreading of intelligent life and sharing the fermi paradox. Acta Astronautica, 89, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, S., & Sotala, K. (2012). How we’re predicting AI—Or failing to (p. 52). Beyond, AI: Artificial Dreams.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asimov, I. (1983). Our future in the cosmos—Space. In J. Burke, J. Bergman, & I. Asimov (Eds.), The impact of science on society (pp. 79–96). Washington: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aunger, R. (2007a). Major transitions in ‘big’ history. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74, 1137–1163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aunger, R. (2007b). A rigorous periodization of ‘big’ history. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74, 1164–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, F. 1620. (2000). Novum organum scientiarum. L. Jardine, & M. Silverthorne (Eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Bacon, F. 1626. (1998). New Atlantis. An electronic classics series publication. http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/bacon/atlantis.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2014.

  • Bada, J. L., & Lazcano, A. (2009). The origin of life. In M. Ruse & J. Travis (Eds.), Evolution: The first four billion years. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, F. E., & Kaufmann, W. A. (2008). Philosophical classics: From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River.

  • Baker, D. (2013). 10500: The Darwinian algorithm and a possible candidate for a ‘Unifying Theme’ of big history. Evolution: Development within Big History, Evolutionary and World-System Paradigms, 235–248.

  • Barrat, J. (2013). Our final invention: Artificial intelligence and the end of the human era. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, J. (1998). Impossibility: The limits of science and the science of limits. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, S., & Goertzel, B. (2011). How long until human-level AI? Results from an expert assessment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78, 185–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedau, M. A., McCaskill, J. S., Packard, N. H., Parke, E. C., & Rasmussen, S. R. (2009). Living technology: Exploiting life’s principles in technology. Artificial Life, 16, 89–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedau, M. A., McCaskill, J. S., Packard, N. H., Parke, E. C., & Rasmussen, S. R. (2013). Introduction to recent developments in living technology. Artificial Life, 6, 363–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beech, M. (2008). Rejuvenating the sun and avoiding other global catastrophes. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedikter, R. (2015). The age of transhumanist politics has begun. The leftist review: Commentaries on politics, science, philosophy, and religion. https://www.leftistreview.com/2015/03/06/the-age-of-transhumanist-politics-has-begun/rolandbenedikter/. Accessed April 28, 2015.

  • Bennett, C. L., Larson, D., Weiland, J. L., Jarosik, N., Hinshaw, G., Odegard, N., et al. (2012). Nine-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) observations: Final maps and results. arXiv: Astrophysics: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics.

  • Bergson, H. (1911). Creative evolution. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bermúdez, J. L. (2009). Mindreading in the animal kingdom. In R. W. Lurz (Ed.), The philosophy of animal minds (pp. 145–164). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Billings, L. (2013). Five billion years of solitude. New York: Penguin Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biro, D., Humle, T., Koops, K., Sousa, C., Hayashi, M., & Matsuzawa, T. (2010). Chimpanzee mothers at Bossou, Guinea carry the mummified remains of their dead infants. Current Biology, 20, R351–R352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackford, R., & Broderick, D. (Eds.). (2014). Intelligence unbound: The future of uploaded and machine minds. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blainey, M. (2010). The future of a discipline: Considering the ontological/methodological future of the anthropology of consciousness part II/towards an ethnometaphysics of consciousness: Suggested adjustments in SAC’s quest to reroute the main(stream). Anthropology of Consciousness, 21, 113–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, W. 1810. (1988). In D. V. Erdman, & H. Bloom (Eds.), The complete poetry & prose of William Blake. New York: Random House.

  • Bloecker, T. (1995). Stellar evolution of low- and intermediate-mass stars. II. Post-AGB evolution. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 299, 755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, Ho. (2000). Global brain: The evoluton of mass mind from the Big Bang to the 21st century. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boesch, C. (2003). Is culture a golden barrier between human and chimpanzee? Evolutionary Anthropology, 12, 82–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boltzmann, L. 1886. (1974). The second law of thermodynamics. Populare Schriften, Essay 3, address to a formal meeting of the Imperial Academy of Science. Theoretical physics and philosophical problems (S. G. Brush, Trans.). Boston: Reidel.

  • Boothroyd, A. I., & Juliana Sackmann, I. (1999). The CNO isotopes: Deep circulation in red giants and first and second dredge-up. The Astrophysical Journal, 510, 232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borowski, S. K. (1987). Comparison of fusion/antiproton propulsion systems. NASA technical memorandum 107030. NASA. pp. 5–6.

  • Bostrom, N. (2003). Astronomical waste: The opportunity cost of delayed technological development. Utilitas, 15, 308–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, N. (2005). A history of transhumanist thought. Journal of Evolution & Technology, 14, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, N. (2006). Welcome to a world of exponential change. Demos, 40–50.

  • Bostrom, N. (2009). Why I want to be a posthuman when I grow up. Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity, 2, 107–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bostrom, N. (2010). Where are they? Why I hope the search for extraterrestrial life finds nothing. MIT Technology Review, 72–77.

  • Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, T. (2006). Solar revolution: The economic transformation of the global energy industry. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent Tulley, R., Courtois, H., Hoffman, T., & Pomarède, D. (2014). The Laniakea supercluster. Nature, 513, 71–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, T., Ndoundou-Hockemba, M., & Fishlock, V. (2005). First observation of tool use in wild gorillas. PLoS One, 3, e380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brin, D. (1983). The great silence: The controversy concerning extraterrestrial intelligent life. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 24, 283–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broderick, D. (2014). Introduction I: Machines of loving grace (let’s hope). In R. Blackford & D. Broderick (Eds.), Intelligence unbound: The future of uploaded and machine minds (pp. 1–10). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, N. O. (1959). Life against death: The psychoanalytical meaning of history. Middleton: Wesleyan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, N. O. (1967). Love’s body. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, N. O. (1981). The challenge of Islam: The prophetic tradition. New Pacific Press.

  • Brownlee, D. E. (2010). Planetary habitability on astronomical time scales. In C. J. Schrijver & G. L. Siscoe (Eds.), Heliophysics: Evolving solar activity and the climates of space and earth (pp. 79–98). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burtsev, M., & Turchin, P. (2006). Evolution of cooperative strategies from first principles. Nature, 440, 1041–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, S. 1887. (2008). Luck or cunning? PTY, Ltd.

  • Caldwell, C. A., & Millen, A. E. (2008). Studying cumulative cultural evolution in the laboratory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 363, 3529–3539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 30 years later. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, P. (2014). Amputee makes history with APL’s modular prosthetic limb. John Hopkins: Applied Physics Laboratory. http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/2014/141216.asp. Accessed April 27, 2015.

  • Carrigan, R. A., Jr. (2012). Is interstellar archaeology possible? Acta Astronautica, 78, 121–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, M. (2014). Part human, part machine, cyborgs are becoming a reality. Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2014/08/08/cyborgs-are-walking-among-us-262132.html. Accessed March 1, 2015.

  • Cassan, A., Kubas, D., Beaulieu, J.-P., Dominik, M., Horne, K., Greenhill, J., et al. (2012). One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations. Nature, 481, 167–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cave, S. (2012). Immortality: The question to live forever and how it drives civilization. New York: Crown Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, E. (1981). Cosmic dawn: The origins of matter and life. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, E. (2001). Cosmic evolution: The rise of complexity in nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, E. (2003). A unifying concept for astrobiology. International Journal of Astrobiology, 2, 91–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, E. (2005). Epic of evolution: Seven ages of the cosmos. New York: Columbia University.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, E. (2009a). Cosmic evolution: State of the science. In: S. J. Dick, & M. L. Lupisella (Eds.), Cosmos & culture: Cultural evolution in a cosmic context (pp. 3–24).

  • Chaisson, E. (2009b). Exobiology and complexity. Encyclpedia of Complexity Science, 3267–3284.

  • Chaisson, E. (2011a). Energy rate density as a complexity metric and evolutionary driver. Complexity, 16, 27–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, E. (2011b). Energy rate density. II. Probing further a new complexity metric. Complexity, 17, 44–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, E. (2012). Researching and teaching cosmic evolution. In Rodriguez, Grinin, & Koyotayev (Eds.), From Big Bang to global civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, E. J. (2013). Using complexity science to search for unity in the natural sciences. In C. H. Lineweaver, P.C.W. Davies, & M. Ruse (Eds.), Complexity and the arrow of time (pp. 68–79). New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Chalmers, D. (2010). The singularity: A philosophical analysis. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 17, 7–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, R. (1844). Vestiges of the national history of creation. London: Churchill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorost, M. (2011). World wide mind: The coming integration of humanity. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian, D. (1991). The case for ‘big history’. Journal of World History, 2, 223–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian, D. (2004). Maps of time: An introduction to big history. Berkeley: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ćirković, M. M. (2003). A resource letter on physical eschatology. American Journal of Physics, 71, 122–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ćirković, M. M. (2004). Forecast for the next eon: Applied cosmology and the long-term fate of intelligent beings. Foundations of Physics, 34, 239–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ćirković, M. M. (2009). Fermi’s paradox: The last challenge for copernicanism? Serbian Astronomical Journal, 178, 1–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. C. (1950). Interplanetary flight: An introduction to astronautics. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. C. (1953). Childhood’s end. London: Ballantine Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. C. (1973). Profiles of the future: An inquiry into the limits of possibility. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloud, P. (1978). Cosmos, Earth, and man: A short history of the universe. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole-Turner, R. (2012). The singularity and the rapture: Transhumanist and popular Christian views of the future. Zygon, 47, 777–796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Condorcet, N. (1795). Outlines of an historical view of the progress of the human mind. Philadelphia: Lang and Uftick.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conkey, M. (1997). Beyond art: Pleistocene image and symbol. San Francisco: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, J. N., Bizzarro, M., Krot, A. N., Nordlund, A., Wielandt, D., & Ivanova, M. A. (2012). The absolute chronology and thermal processing of solids in the solar protoplanetary disk. Science, 338, 651–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copernicus, N. (1543). On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres. Nuremberg: Johannes Petreius.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corning, P. (2002a). The re-emergence of “Emergence”. Complexity, 7, 18–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corning, P. (2002b). Thermoeconomics: Beyond the second law. Journal of Bioeconomics, 1945, 57–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corning, P. (2005). Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, cybernetics, and the bioeconomics of evolution. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Corning, P. (2007). Control information theory: The “Missing Link” in the science of cybernetics. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 24, 297–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corning, P. (2014). Systems theory and the role of synergy in the evolution of living systems. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 31, 181–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cottey, A. (2014). Technologies, culture, work, basic income and maximum income. AI & Society, 29, 249–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowen, R. (2012). Andromeda on collision course with the Milky Way. Nature,. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, T. J., & Loeb, A. (2007). The collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 386, 461–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, L. (1994). Possible implications of the quantum theory of gravity. arXiv preprint: hep-th/9402104.

  • Darwin, E. 1794. (1809). Zoonomia; or the laws of organic life. Boston: Thomas & Andrews.

  • Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. (2010). The Eerie silence: Are we alone in the universe? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

  • Davies, P. (2013). Directionality principles from cancer to cosmology. In: C. H. Lineweaer, P. C. W. Davies, & M. Ruse (Eds.), Complexity and the arrow of time (pp. 19–41).

  • Dawkins, R. (2006). The god delusion. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Grey, A. (2004). Escape velocity: Why the prospect of extreme human life extension matters now. PLoS Biology, 2, e187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Grey, A. (2015). The singularity and the Methuselarity: Similarities and differences. In B. Goertzel, & T. Goertzel (Eds.), The end of the beginning: Life, society, and economy on the brink of singularity (pp. 151–169). Humanity+ Press.

  • Deacon, T. W. (1997). The symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: W.W, Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, T. W. (2011). Incomplete nature: How mind emerged from matter. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, D. (2011). The beginning of infinity: Explanations that transform the world. New York: Penguin Books Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, D. (2013). Constructor theory. Synthese, 190, 4331–4359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamandis, P., & Kotler, S. (2011). Abundance: The future is better than you think. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, S. (2000). Interstellar humanity. Futures, 32, 555–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, S. (2008). The postbiological universe. Acta Astronautica, 62, 499–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, S. (2009a). The postbiological universe and our future in space. Futures, 41, 578–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, S. (2009b). Cosmic evolution: History, culture, and human destiny. In S. J. Dick, & M. L. Lupisella, (Eds.), Cosmos & culture: Cultural evolution in a cosmic context (pp. 25–62).

  • Dick, S. (2009c). Bringing culture to cosmos: The postbiological universe. In S. J. Dick, & M. L. Lupisella (Eds.), Cosmos & culture: Cultural evolution in a cosmic context (pp. 463–487).

  • Dick, S. J., & Lupisella, M. L. (Eds.). (2009). Cosmos & culture: Cultural evolution in a cosmic context. Washington: NASA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drexler, E. (2013). Radical abundance: How a revolution in nanotechnology will change civilization. New York: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duhaime-Ross, A. (2014). Watch a man control two robotic prosthetic arms with his mind. The Verge. http://www.theverge.com/2014/12/18/7416741/robotic-shoulder-level-arms-mind-controlled-prosthetic. Accessed March 1, 2015.

  • Dunbar, R. (2009). Why only humans have language. In R. Botcha & C. Knight (Eds.), The prehistory of language (pp. 1–26). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dvorsky, G. (2014). Is it time to give up on the singularity? io9. http://io9.com/is-it-time-to-give-up-on-the-singularity-1586599368. Accessed August 19, 2014.

  • Dyson, F. (1966). The search for extraterrestrial technology. Perspectives in Modern Physics, 641–655.

  • Dyson, F. (1971). Energy in the universe. In Energy and power (a scientific American book). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

  • Dyson, F. (1979). Time without end: Physics and biology in an open universe. Reviews of Modern Physics, 51, 447–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyson, G. (1998). Darwin among the machines: The evolution of global intelligence. New York: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, R. W. (1836). Nature. Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farhi, E., Guth, A. H., & Guven, J. (1990). Is it possible to create a universe in the laboratory by quantum tunneling? Nuclear Physics B, 339, 417–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, W. (2012). Cyborg tissue is half living cells, half electronics. New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22217-cyborg-tissue-is-half-living-cells-half-electronics.html#.VPMKPb6Jndk. Accessed March 1, 2015.

  • Fernàndez, N., Maldonado, C., & Gershenson, C. (2013). Information measures of complexity, emergence, self-organization, homeostasis, and autopoiesis (pp. 1–35). arXiv: 1304.184v3.

  • Feuerbach, L. 1841. (2008). The essence of christianity. MSAC Philosophy Group.

  • Fiske, J. (1874). Outlines of a cosmic philosophy: Based on the doctrine of evolution with criticisms on the positive philosophy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores Martinez, C. (2014). SETI in the light of cosmic convergent evolution. Acta Astronautica,. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.08.013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, M. (2009). Lights in the tunnel: Automation, accelerating technology and the economy of the future. Acculant Publishing.

  • Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the robots: Technology and the threat of a jobless future. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fragaszy, D. M., Izar, P., Visalberghi, E., Ottoni, E. B., & De Oliveira, M. G. (2004). Wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) use anvils and stone pounding tools. American Journal of Primatology, 64, 359–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franck, S., Bounama, C., & von Bloh, W. (2005). Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction. Biogeosciences Discussions, 2, 1665–1679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, D., & Andrews, J. (Eds.). (2012). Megachange: The world in 2050. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeberg, T. M. (1998). The cultural transmission of courtship patterns in cowbirds, Molothrus ater. Animal Behaviour, 56, 1063–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeberg, T. M. (2000). Culture and courtship in vertebrates: A review of social learning and transmission of courtship systems and mating patterns. Behavioral Processes, 51, 177–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freitas, R. A. 1975–79. (2008). Xenology: An introduction to the scientific study of extraterrestrial life, intelligence, and civilization. Sacramento, CA: Xenology Research Institute.

  • Freitas, R. A. (1999). Nanomedicine (vol. 1). Landes Bioscience.

  • Freitas, R. A. (2005). Nanotechnology, nanomedicine and nanosurgery. International Journal of Surgery, 3, 243–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. 1920. (2003). Beyond the pleasure principle and other writings. Penguin Classics.

  • Frey, T. (2011). Communicating with the future: How re-engineering will alter the master code of our future. CGXPublishing.

  • Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2013). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization? Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology, 1–72.

  • Frye, N. (1947). Fearful symmetry: A study of William Blake. Toronto: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frye, N. (1970). The road of excess. In H. Bloom. (Ed.), Romanticism and consciousness: Essays in criticism (pp. 119–131). New York: W.W. Norton.

  • Fukuyama, F. (2003). Our posthuman future: Consequences of the biotechnology revolution. New York: Picador.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galor, O. & Weil, D. N. (2000). Population, technology, and growth: From Malthusian stagnation to the demographic transition and beyond. American Economics Review, 90, 806–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, J. N. (2000). The selfish biocosm: Complexity as cosmology. Complexity, 5, 34–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, J. N. (2005). Coevolution of the cosmic past and future: The selfish biocosm as a closed timelike curve. Complexity, 10, 14–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, A., & Conlon, J. (2013). Cosmological natural selection and the purpose of the universe. Complexity, 18, 48–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garis, H. (1999). The Artilect war: Cosmists vs. Terrans: A bitter controversy concerning whether humanity should build godlike massively intelligent machines. ETC Publications.

  • Garis, H. (2012). Singularity Skepticism. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zl66OdpO6u8. Accessed January 9, 2015.

  • Garland, E. C., Goldizen, A. W., Rekdahl, M. L., Constantine, R., Garrigue, C., Daeschler Hauser, N., et al. (2011). Dynamic horizontal cultural transmission of humpback whale song at the ocean basin scale. Current Biology, 21, 687–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhard, O. (2002). Mass distribution in our galaxy. Space Science Reviews, 100, 129–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerland, P., Raftery, A. E., Ševčiková, H., Li, N., Gu, D., Spoorenberg, T., et al. (2014). World population stabilization unlikely this century. Science, 346, 234–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershenson, C. (2012). The world as evolving information. In A. Minai, D. Braha, & Y. Bar-Yam (Eds.), Unifying themes in complex systems (Vol. VII, pp. 100–115). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibney, E. (2014). Earth’s new address: ‘Solar System, Milky Way, Laniakea’. Nature,. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, J. (1989). Future mind. Washington: Acropolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, J., Gorden, T. H., & Florescu, E. (2014). State of the future 2013–14. The Millennium Project.

  • Goertzel, B. (2002). Creating internet intelligence: Wild computing, distributed digital consciousness, and the emerging global brain. New York: Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goertzel, B. (2007). Human-level artificial general intelligence and the possibility of technological singularity: A reaction to Ray Kurzweil’s The Singularity Is Near and McDermott’s critique of Kurzweil. Artificial Intelligence, 171, 1161–1173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goertzel, B. (2012). Should humanity build a global AI nanny to delay the singularity until it’s better understood? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 19, 96–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goertzel, B., & Goertzel, B. (Eds.). (2015). The end of the beginning: Life, society and economy on the brink of the singularity. Humanity+ Press.

  • Goldsmith, D. (2012). The far, far future of stars. Scientific American, 306, 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Good, I. J. (1965). Speculations concerning the first ultraintelligent machine. Advances in Computers, 6, 31–83.

  • Gott, J. R. III, & Li, L.-X. (1998). Can the Universe create itself? Physical Review, 58, 023501.

  • Gould, S. J. (1996). Full house: The spread of excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J. (2002). The structure of evolutionary theory. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graeber, D. (2004). Fragments of an anarchist anthropology. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graeber, D. (2015). The Utopia of rules: On technology, stupidity, and the secret joys of bureaucracy. Brooklyn: Melville House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grey, C. G. P. (2014). Humans need not apply. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Pq-S557XQU. Accessed August 25, 2014.

  • Griffith, R., Wright, J. T., Maldonado, J., Povich, M. S., Sigurdsson, S., & Millan, B. (2015). The Ĝ infrared search for extraterrestrial civilizations with large energy supplies. III. The reddest extended sources in WISE. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 217, 25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grosberg, R., & Strathmann, R. (2007). The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition? Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 38, 621–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. (1998). The great filter—Are we almost past it? http://hanson.gmu.edu/greatfilter.html. Accessed June 2, 2014.

  • Hanson, R. (2000). Long-term growth as a sequence of exponential growth modes. George Mason University, 1–24.

  • Hanson, R. (2008). Economics of the singularity. IEEE Spectrum. http://spectrum.ieee.org/print/6274. Accessed June 2, 2014.

  • Harrison, E. R. (1995). The natural selection of universes containing intelligent life. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 36, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. (2014). Seventeen contradictions and the end of capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawking, S. (2013). Stephen hawking says humanity doomed without space exploration. The Huffington Post UK. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/04/11/stephen-hawking-save-humankind_n_3059434.html. Accessed September 17, 2014.

  • Hawking, S. (2014). Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind. BBC. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540. Accessed January 7, 2015.

  • Hawkins, J. (2015). The terminator is not coming. The Future Will Thank Us. Re/Code. http://recode.net/2015/03/02/the-terminator-is-not-coming-the-future-will-thank-us/. Accessed March 3, 2015.

  • Hayles, N. K. (2012). How we think: Digital media and contemporary technogenesis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hegel, G. W. F. 1837. (1991). The philosophy of history. Prometheus Books.

  • Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time, trans. Macquarrie, J. & Robinson, E. New York: Harper & Row.

  • Helbing, D. (2012). Introduction: The FuturICT knowledge accelerator towards a more resilient and sustainable future. The European Physical Journal: Special Topics, 214, 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helbing, D. (2013a). Globally networked risks and how to respond. Nature, 497, 51–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helbing, D. (2013b). Economics 2.0: The natural step towards a self-regulating, participatory market society. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 10, 3–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helbing, D. (2015). The self-organizing society: Taking the future in our hands. In Digital Society (forthcoming). SSRN. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2549856. Accessed February 26, 2015.

  • Heyes, C. M. (1998). Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 101–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heylighen, F. (2000). Evolutionary transitions: How do levels of complexity emerge? Complexity, 6, 53–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heylighen, F. (2002). The global brain as a new utopia. In R. Maresch, & F. Rotzer (Eds.), Zukunftsfiguren (pp. 1–11).

  • Heylighen, F. (2007). The global superorganism: An evolutionary-cybernetic model of the emerging network society. Social Evolution & History, 6, 57–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heylighen, F. (2008). Accelerating socio-technological evolution: From ephemeralization and stigmergy to the global brain. In G. Modelski, T. Devezas, & W. Thompson (Eds.), Globalization as evolutionary process: Modeling global change (pp. 284–309).

  • Heylighen, F. (2010). The self-organization of time and causality: Steps towards understanding the ultimate origin. Foundations of Science, 15, 345–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heylighen, F. (2011). Self-organization of complex, intelligent systems. Integral Review. http://134.184.131.111/papers/ECCO-paradigm.pdf. Accessed December 14, 2014.

  • Heylighen, F. (2012). Conceptions of a global brain: An historical review. In B. Rodrigue, L. Grinin, & A. Korotayev (Eds.), From Big Bang to global civilization: A big history anthology. Oakland: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heylighen, F. (2014a). Cybernetic principles of aging and rejuvenation: The buffering-challenging strategy for life extension. Current Aging Science, 7, 60–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heylighen, F. (2014b). Challenge propagation: Towards a theory of distributed intelligence and the global brain. Spanda Journal, V, 1–18.

  • Heylighen, F. (2015). Return to Eden? Promises and perils on the road to global superintelligence. In B. Goertzel, & T. Goertzel (Eds.), The beginning and the end: Life, society, and economy on the brink of singularity.

  • Heylighen, F., & Bollen, J. (1996). The World-Wide Web as a super-brain: From metaphor to model. In R. Trappl (Ed.), Cybernetics and systems’96 (pp. 917–922).

  • Heylighen, F., & Joslyn, C. (2001). Cybernetics and second-order cybernetics. In R. A. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of physical science & technology (3rd ed). New York: Academic Press.

  • Hillard, K., Hill, K., Lancaster, J., & Magdalena, H. A. (2000). A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 156–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1994). The age of extremes: A history of the world 1914–1991. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstadter, D. (2003). Just who will be we, in 2493? Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition. http://www.cogsci.indiana.edu/pub/hof.just-who-will-be-we.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2015.

  • Hohmann, G., & Fruth, B. (2003). Culture in bonobos? Between-species and within-species variation in behaviour. Current Anthropology, 44, 563–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hölldobler, B., & Wilson, E. O. (2008). The superorganism: The beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosaka, K., Matsumoto-Oda, A., Huffman, M. A., & Kawanaka, K. (2000). Reactions to dead bodies of conspecifics by wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Primate Research, 16, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, A. (2014). The real cyborgs. The Telegraph. http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/the-future-is-android/index.html. Accessed March 1, 2015.

  • Hughes, J. (2004). Citizen cyborg: Why democratic societies must respond to the redesigned human of the future. Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. (2012). The politics of transhumanism and the techno-millennial imagination, 1626–2030. Zygon, 47, 757–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. (2014). A strategic opening for a basic income guarantee in the global crisis being created by AI, robots, desktop manufacturing and biomedicine. Journal of Evolution & Technology, 24, 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humboldt, A. (1845). Cosmos: A sketch of a physical description of the universe. New York: Harper & Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, G. R., & Gray, R. D. (2003). Diversification and cumulative evolution in New Caledonian crow tool manufacture. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 270, 867–874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, J. (1968). Transhumanism. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 8, 73–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Impey, C. (2007). The living cosmos: Our search for life in the universe. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC. (2013). Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. International Panel on Climate Change.

  • Ismail, S., Malone, M., van Geest, Y., & Diamandis, P. (2014). Exponential organizations: Why new organizations are ten times better, faster and cheaper than yours (and what to do about it). Diversion Books.

  • Istvan, Z. (2013). The transhumanist wager. Futurity Imagine Media LLC.

  • Jantsch, E. (1980). The self-organizing universe: Scientific and human implications of the emerging paradigm of evolution. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J. (2008). The allure of machinic life: Cybernetics, artificial life, and the New AI. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Joy, B. (2000). Why the future doesn’t need us. Wired. http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html. Accessed April 16, 2015.

  • Kaku, M. (2010). The physics of interstellar travel: To one day, reach the stars.

  • Kepler, J. (1608/1967). Kepler’s Somnium: The dream, or posthumous work on lunar astronomy. Courier Corporation.

  • Kaku, M. (2014). The future of mind: The scientific quest to understand, enhance, and empower the mind. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. 1781. (2011). Critique of pure reason. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

  • Kaplan, H., & Gangestad, S. W. (2005). Life history and evolutionary psychology. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kardashev, N. S. (1964). Transmission of information by extraterrestrial civilizations. Soviet Astronomy, 8, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kardashev, N. S. (1997). Cosmology and civilizations. Astrophysics and Space Science, 252, 25–40.

  • Kauffman, S. (1995). At home in the universe: The search for the laws of self-organization and complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, S. (2000). Investigations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, S. (2010). Reinventing the sacred: A new view of science, reason, and religion. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, S., Logan, R. K., Este, R., Goebel, R., Hobill, D., & Shmulevich, I. (2007). Propagating organization: An inquiry. Biology and Philosophy, 21, 501–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K. (1995). Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems, and the economic world. New York: Perseus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K. (2010). What technology wants. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K. (2015). I am Kevin Kelly, radical techno-optimist, digital pioneer, and co-founder of Wired magazine. AMA! Reddit. r/Futurology. http://www.reddit.com/r/Futurology/comments/2rohmk/i_am_kevin_kelly_radical_technooptimist_digital/. Accessed January 8, 2015.

  • Kiriakakis, K. (2015). A day at the park. http://kiriakakis.net/comics/mused/a-day-at-the-park. Accessed May 1, 2015.

  • Klein, B. (2007). When will AI surpass human-level intelligence? AGI-World. http://www.novamente.net/bruce/?p=54. Accessed June 5, 2014.

  • Knoll, A. H., Javaux, E. J., Hewitt, D., & Cohen, P. (2006). Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 361, 1023–1038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraas, F., Aggarwal, S., Coy, M., & Mertins, G. (2013). Megacities: Our global urban future. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, L. (2012). A universe from nothing. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, L., & Starkman, G. (2004). Universal limits on computation. arXiv preprint, astro-ph/0404510.

  • Kurzweil, R. (2001). The law of accelerating returns. KurzweilAI. http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns. Accessed July 8, 2014.

  • Kurzweil, R. (2005). The singularity is near: When humans transcend biology. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurzweil, R. (2010). How my predictions are faring. KurzweilAI, 1–146.

  • Kurzweil, R. (2012). How to create a mind: The secret of human thought revealed. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurzweil, R. (2014). Get ready for hybrid thinking. TED. http://www.ted.com/talks/ray_kurzweil_get_ready_for_hybrid_thinking?language=en. Accessed February 26, 2015.

  • Laland, K. N. (2008). Exploring gene-culture interactions: insights from handedness, sexual selection and niche-construction case studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences., 363, 3577–3589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laland, K. N., & Hoppitt, W. (2003). Do animals have culture? Evolutionary Anthropology, 12, 150–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laland, K. N., Uller, T., Feldman, M., Sterelny, K., Muller, G. B., Moczek, A., et al. (2014). Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? Nature, 514, 161–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamarck, J. B. 1809. (1914). Zoological philosophy: An exposition with regard to the natural history of animals. London: Macmillan.

  • Last, C. (2014a). Human evolution, life history theory, and the end of biological reproduction. Current Aging Science, 7, 17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. (2014b). Global brain and the future of human society. World Future Review, 6, 143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Last, C. (2015). Human metasystem transition theory (HMST). Journal of Evolution & Technology, 25, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laughlin, G., Bodenheimer, P., & Adams, F. C. (1997). The end of the main sequence. The Astrophysical Journal, 482, 420–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, D. W., & Mace, R. (2011). Parental investment and the optimization of human family size. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 366, 333–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Learned, J. G. (2012). The cepheid galactic internet. Contemporary Physics, 53, 113–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebkowsky, J. (1997). It’s better to be inspired than wired: An Interview with R.U. sirius. In A. Kroker, & M. Kroker (Eds.), Digital delirium (pp. 16–24). New York: St. Martin’s Press.

  • Leibniz, G. W. 1710. (2000). Theodicy: Essays on the goodness of god, the freedom of man and the origin of evil. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

  • Leitenberg, M. (2006). Deaths in wars and conflicts in the 20th century. New York: Cornell University.

  • Linde, A. D. (1988). Life after inflation. Physics Letters, 211, 29–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lineweaver, C. H., Davies, P. C. W., & Ruse, M. (Eds.). (2013a). Complexity and the arrow of time. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lineweaver, C. H., Davies, P. C. W., & Ruse, M. (2013b). What is complexity? Is it increasing? In C. H. Lineweaer, P. C. W. Davies, & M. Ruse (Eds.), Complexity and the arrow of time (pp. 3–16). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Livio, M. (Ed.). (2010). The dark universe: Matter, energy, and gravity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, S. (2000). Ultimate physical limits to computation. Nature, 406, 1047–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, S. (2006). Programming the universe: A quantum computer scientist takes on the cosmos. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, S. (2013). On the spontaneous generation of complexity in the universe. In C. H. Lineweaer, P. C. W. Davies, & M. Ruse (Eds.), Complexity and the arrow of time (pp. 80–112).

  • Lloyd, S., & Ng, J. (2004). Black hole computers. Scientific American, 291, 52–61.

  • Loeb, A. (2011). Cosmology with hypervelocity stars. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 4, 23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, A., & Furlanetto, S. R. (2013). The first galaxies in the universe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Logan, R. K. (2007). The extended mind: The emergence of language, the human mind, and culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, R. K. (2014). What is information? Propagating organization in the biosphere, the symbolsphere, the technosphere and the econosphere. DEMO Publishing.

  • Loosemore, R., & Goertzel, B. (2012). Why an intelligence explosion is probable. Singularity Hypotheses, 1–13.

  • Lotka, A. (1922). Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 8, 147–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, J., Stanton, M. A., Patterson, E. M., Bienenstock, E., J. & Singh, L. O. (2012). Social networks reveal cultural behaviour in tool-using dolphins. Nature Communications, 980, 1–7.

  • Marks, J. (2002). What it means to be 98% chimpanzee: Apes, people, and their genes. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, J. (2012). The biological myth of human evolution. Contemporary Social Science, 7, 139–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, J. (2013). The nature/culture of genetic facts. Annual Review of Anthropology, 42, 247–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, J. (2015). The growth of biocultural thought. Evolutionary Anthropology, 24, 33–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. 1844. (1988). Economic and philosophical manuscripts of 1844 and the communist manifesto. Prometheus Books.

  • Massey, R., Rhodes, J., Ellis, R., Scoville, N., Leauthaud, A., Finoguenov, A., et al. (2007). Dark matter maps reveal cosmic scaffolding. Nature, 445, 286–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. (1980). Autopoeisis and cognition: The realization of living. Dordecht: Reidel.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, I., Brown, F. H., & Fleagle, J. G. (2005). Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature, 433, 733–736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGill, W. (1972). The Columbia history of the world. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis, J., & Pearce, R. (2014). The great disruption: How machine intelligence will transform the role of lawyers in the delivery of legal Services. Northwestern Public Law Research Paper, 82, 14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, T. (1994). Cultural frontiers in the age of information. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iPwVuCO2PM. Accessed September 19, 2014.

  • McKenna, T. (1998a). Time. In R. Sheldrake, T. McKenna, & R. Abraham (Eds.), The evolutionary mind. Trialogue Press.

  • McKenna, T. (1998b). Interview: Hawaii. [On “Novelty Theory”]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkAVnG-Jya8. Accessed August 29, 2014.

  • McKibben, B. (2003). Enough: Genetic engineering and the end of human nature. London: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. G. (1978). Living systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minsky, M. (1988). Society of mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirowski, P. (2013). Never let a serious crisis go to waste: How neoliberalism survived the financial meltdown. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, G. (1965). Cramming more components onto integrated circuits. Electronics, 38, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, G. (1975). Progress in digital integrated electronics. IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, 11–13.

  • Moravec, H. (1988). Mind children: The future of robot and human intelligence. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moravec, H. (1998). When will computer hardware match the human brain? Journal of Evolution and Technology, 1, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • More, T. 1516. (1869). Utopia. London: Murray & Son.

  • More, M. (1990). Transhumanism: Toward a futurist philosophy. Extropy, 6, 6–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • More, M., & Vita-More, N. (Eds.). (2014). The transhumanist reader: Classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin, E. (2007). Restricted complexity, general complexity. In C. Gershenson, D. Aerts, & B. Edmonds (Eds.), Philosophy and complexity (pp. 5–29). Singapore: World Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morowitz, H. J. (1968). Energy flow in biology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, S. C. (1998). The crucible of creation: The burgess shale and the rise of animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, S. C. (2013). Life: The final frontier for complexity? In C.H. Lineweaer, P.C.W. Davies, & M. Ruse (Eds.), Complexity and the arrow of time (pp. 135–161).

  • Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why having too little means so much. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, V. C., & Bostrom, N. (2014). Future progress in artificial intelligence: A poll among experts. AI Matters, 1, 9–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musk, E. (2014). Elon Musk: Artificial intelligence is our biggest existential threat. The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/27/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-existential-threat. Accessed January 7, 2015.

  • Naam, R. (2014). The singularity is further than it appears. Charlie’s Diary. http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2014/02/the-singularity-is-further-tha.html. Accessed August 19, 2014.

  • Nagy, B., Farmer, J. D., Trancik, J. E., & Gonzalez, J. P. (2011). Superexponential long-term trends in information technology. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78, 1356–1364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamichi, M., Koyama, N., & Jolly, A. (1996). Maternal responses to dead and dying infants in wild troops of ring-tailed lemurs at the Berenty Reserve. International Journal of Primatology, 17, 505–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I. 1687. (1802). Mathematical principles of natural philosophy. London: A. Stralian, Printers-Street.

  • Nicolelis, M. (2011). Beyond boundaries: The new neuroscience of connecting brains with machines—And how it will change our lives. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niele, F. (2005). Energy: Engines of evolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nietzsche, F. (1883). Thus spoke Zarathustra. In W. Kaufmann (Ed.) (trans) The portable Nietzsche. New York: Viking Press.

  • North, J. (2008). Cosmos: An illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley-James, J. T., Greaves, J. S., Raven, J. A., & Cockell, C. S. (2013). Swansong biospheres: refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes. International Journal of Astrobiology, 12, 99–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oberth, H. (1957). Man into space. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottoni, E. B., & Izar, P. (2008). Capuchin monkey tool use: Overview and implications. Evolutionary Anthropology, 17, 171–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oxfam. (2014). Working for the few: Political capture and economic inequality. Oxfam Briefing Paper.

  • Pais-Vieira, M., Lebedev, M., Kunicki, C., Wang, J., & Nicolelis, M. (2013). A brain-to-brain interface for real-time sharing of sensorimotor information. Scientific Reports, 3, 1319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, E. M., & Mann, J. (2011). Ecological conditions that favor tool use and innovation in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). PLoS One, 6, e22243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, D. (2014). What is transhumanism?—The three supers with David Pearce. Humanity+. http://hplusmagazine.com/2014/09/22/transhumanism-3-supers-david-pearce/. Accessed December 17, 2014.

  • Penn, D. C., Holyoak, K. J., & Povinelli, D. J. (2008). Darwin’s mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 109–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennachin, C., & Goertzel, B. (2007). Contemporary approaches to artificial general intelligence. In Artificial general intelligence (pp. 1–30). Berlin: Springer.

  • Pennisi, E., & Roush, W. (1997). Developing a new view of evolution. Science, 277, 34–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pepitone, J. (2014). Cyborgs among us: Human Biohackers’ embed chips in their bodies. NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/innovation/cyborgs-among-us-human-biohackers-embed-chips-their-bodies-n150756. Accessed March 1, 2015.

  • Poundstone, W. (1985). The recursive universe: Cosmic complexity and the limits of scientific knowledge. New York: Dover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigogine, I., Nicolas, G., & Babloyantz, A. (1972a). Thermodynamics of evolution (II). Physics Today, 25, 38–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prigogine, I., Nicolis, G., & Babloyantz, A. (1972b). Thermodynamics of evolution (I). Physics Today, 25, 23–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pross, A., & Pascal, R. (2013). The origin of life: What we know, what we can know, and what we will never know. Open Biology, 3, 120190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randers, J. (2012). 2052: A global forecast for the next forty years. Chelsea Green Publishing.

  • Rao, R. P., Stocco, A., Bryan, M., Sarma, D., Youngquist, T. M., Wu, J., & Prat, C. S. (2014). A direct brain-to-brain interface in humans. PLoS One, 9, e111332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, M. (1997). Before the beginning—Our universe and others. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, H. (1985). Atoms of silence: An exploration of cosmic evolution. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rendell, L., & Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 24, 309–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribas, I. (2009). The Sun and stars as the primary energy input in planetary atmospheres. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, 5, 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. (2008). Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridley, M. (2010). Rational optimist: How prosperity evolves. New York: Harper-Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin, J. (2014). The zero marginal cost society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism. Palgrave Macmillan Trade.

  • Rodrigue, B., Grinin, L., & Korotayev, A. (Eds.). (2012). From Big Bang to global civilization: A big history anthology. Oakland: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothblatt, M. (2014). Virtually human: The promise—and the peril—of digital immortality. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, L. (2007). Extremophiles: Defining the envelope for the search for life in the universe. Planetary Systems and the Origins of Life, 3, 113–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, J.-J. 1762. (1994). Of the social contract, or principles of political right. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Ruse, M., & Travis, J. (Eds.). (2009). Evolution: The first four billion years. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, B. (1903). A free man’s worship. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rybicki, K. R., & Denis, C. (2001). On the final destiny of the earth and the solar system. Icarus, 151, 130–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C. (1973). The cosmic connection: An extraterrestrial perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C. (1975). The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, 189, 143–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C. (1977). Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the evolution of human intelligence. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C. (1980). Cosmos. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C. (1997). The pale blue dot: A vision of the human future in space. London: Headline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C., & Shklovskii, I. S. (1966). Intelligent life in the universe. San Francisco: Holden-Day Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • San Miguel, M., Johnson, J. H., Kertesz, J., Kaski, K., Diaz-Guilera, A., MacKay, R. S., et al. (2012). Challenges in complex systems science. The European Physical Journal: Special Topics, 214, 245–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, A. (2010). An overview of models of technological singularity. Roadmaps to AGI and the Future of AGI, 1–13.

  • Sandberg, A., & Bostrom, N. (2008). Whole brain emulation: A roadmap. Future of Humanity Institute Technical Report.

  • Sandberg, A., & Bostrom, N. (2011). Machine intelligence survey. Future of Humanity Institute Technical Report.

  • Schaller, R. R. (1997). Moore’s Law: Past, present, and future. Spectrum, IEEE, 34, 52–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidhuber, J. (2012). Philosophers and futurists, catch up! Response to the singularity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 19, 173–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder, K.-P., & Smith, R. C. (2007). Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 386, 155–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrödinger, E. (1944). What is life? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Systems Technical Journal, 27(379–423), 623–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapley, H. (1930). Flights from chaos. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, P. B. (1813). Queen mab. New York: Wright & Owen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shostak, S. (2013). We’ll find ET by 2037! YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkxEbIxoNQI. Accessed March 1, 2015.

  • Smart, J. (2000). Intro to the developmental singularity hypothesis. Accelerating Watch, http://www.accelerationwatch.com/developmentalsinghypothesis.html. Accessed September 17, 2014.

  • Smart, J. (2009). Evo devo universe? A framework for speculations on cosmic culture. In S. J. Dick, & M. L. Lupisella (Eds.), Cosmos & culture: Cultural evolution in a cosmic context (pp. 201–296).

  • Smart, J. (2012). The transcension hypothesis: Sufficiently advanced civilizations invariably leave our universe, and implications for METI and SETI. Acta Astronautica, 78, 55–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smil, V. (1994). Energy in world history (essays in world history). Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Q. (1990). A natural explanation of the existence and laws of our universe. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 68, 22–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Q. (2000). The black hole origin theory of the universe. In International conference on physical cosmology, Santa Barbara.

  • Smith, J. M., & Szathmáry, E. (1995). The major transitions in evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. M., & Szathmáry, E. (2000). The origins of life: From the birth of life to the origin of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolin, L. (1992). Did the universe evolve? Classical and Quantum Gravity, 9, 173–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smolin, L. (1997). The life of the cosmos. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolin, L. (2006). The status of cosmological natural selection. arXiv:hep-th/0612185v1.

  • Snow, C. P. (1959). Two cultures. Science, 130, 419. doi:10.1126/science.130.3373.419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Souers, P. C. (1986). Hydrogen properties of fusion energy. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, H. (1896). A system of synthetic philosophy. London: Williams and Norgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spier, F. (1996). The structure of big history: From the Big Bang until today. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spier, F. (2005). How big history works: Energy flows and the rise and demise of complexity. Social Evolution & History, 4, 87–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spier, F. (2011). Big history and the future of humanity. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinoza, B. 1677. (2000). Ethics, demonstrated geometrical order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Jenkins, A., Frenk, C. S., Yoshida, N., Gao, L., et al. (2005). Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars. Nature, 435, 629–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Springer, S. (2012). Neoliberalising violence: Of the exceptional and the exemplary in coalescing moments. Area, 44, 136–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Standing, G. (2002). Beyond the new paternalism: Basic security as equality. London: Verso.

  • Standing, G. (2011). The Precariat: The new dangerous class. A&C Black.

  • Stewart, J. (2000). Evolution’s arrow: The direction of evolution and the future of humanity. Canberra: Chapman Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J. (2008). The future of life and what it means for humanity. In C. Vidal (Ed.), The evolution and development of the universe (pp. 349–352).

  • Stewart, J. (2010). The meaning of life in a developing universe. Foundations of Science, 15, 395–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J. (2014). The direction of evolution: The rise of cooperative organization. Biosystems,. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.05.006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock, G. (2002). Redesigning humans: Our inevitable genetic future. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, J. C. (2001). The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 39, 511–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teilhard de Chardin, P. (1923). Hominization. In The vision of the past (1966). Collins.

  • Teilhard de Chardin, P. (1955). The phenomenon of man. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teilhard de Chardin, P. (1966). The vision of the past. London: Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teleki, G. (1973). Group response to the accidental death of a chimpanzee in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Folia Primatologica, 20, 81–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tennie, C., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Ratcheting up the ratchet: On the evolution of cumulative culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 364, 2405–2415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E. (2007). Mind in life: Biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of mind. London: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, B., Liu, J., Dvir, T., Jin, L., Tsui, J. H., Qing, Q., et al. (2012). Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds for synthetic tissues. Nature Materials, 11, 986–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tipler, F. (1994). The physics of immortality: Modern cosmology, god and the resurrection of the dead. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomasello, M., & Herrmann, E. (2010). Ape and human cognition: What’s the difference? Current Directions in Psychological Studies, 19, 3–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. C., & Ratner, H. H. (1993). Cultural learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 495–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomitani, A., Knoll, A. H., Cavanaugh, C. M., & Ohno, T. (2006). The evolutionary diversification of the Cyanobacteria: Molecular-phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 5442–5447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trefil, J. S. (2013). The moment of creation: Big Bang physics from before the first millisecond to the present universe. Courier Dover Publications.

  • Tsiolkovsky, K. (1911). Letter of correspondence in 1911. Wikipedia (“Russian Cosmism”). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cosmism. Accessed June 3, 2014.

  • Tsiolkovsky, K. 1929. (2004). The aims of astronautics. Athena University Press.

  • Tucker, R. (1972). Philosophy and myth in Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turchin, V. (1977). The phenomenon of science: A cybernetic approach to human evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turing, A. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyson, N. (2010). The poetry of science: Richard Dawkins and Neil deGrasse Tyson. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RExQFZzHXQ. Accessed March 1, 2015.

  • Ulam, S. (1958). Tribute to John von Neumann. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 64, 1–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, J. W. (2009). Humboldt, worldview and language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (2013). World fertility patterns. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallentin, A. (1954). Einstein: A biography. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • van de Weygaert, R., & Schaap, W. (2009). The cosmic web: Geometric analysis. Data Analysis in Cosmology, 665, 291–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik, C. P., Ancrenaz, M., Borgen, G., Galdikas, B., Knott, C. D., Singleton, I., et al. (2003). Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture. Science, 299, 102–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veitas, V., & Weinbaum, D. (2015). A world of views: A world of interacting post-human intelligences. In B. Goertzel, & T. Goertzel (Eds.), The beginning of the end: Life, society, and economy on the brink of singularity (pp. 495–567).

  • Veras, D., Evans, N. W., Wyatt, M. C., & Tout, C. A. (2014). The great escape-III. Placing post-main-sequence evolution of planetary and binary systems in a Galactic context. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 437, 1127–1140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, C. (2010). Big history and our future: Extension, evaluation and significance of a universal complexity metric. GBI Working Paper, 1–6.

  • Vidal, C. (2014a). The beginning and the end: The meaning of life in a cosmological perspective. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, C. (2014b). Cosmological immortality: How to eliminate aging on a universal scale. Current Aging Science,. doi:10.2174/1874609807666140521111107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, C. (2015). Distributed cognition: From local brains to the global brain. In B. Goertzel & T. Goertzel (Eds.), The beginning of the end: Life, society, and economy on the brink of singularity.

  • Vinge, V. (1993). The coming technological singularity. Whole Earth Review, 81, 88–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinge, V. (2007). Signs of the singularity. IEEE Spectrum, 1–6.

  • Vita-More, N. (1983). Transhuman manifesto. http://www.transhumanist.biz/transhumanistmanifesto.htm. Accessed April 24, 2015.

  • Vita-More, N. (1992). Transhumanist arts statement. Revised 2002. http://www.transhumanist.biz/transhumanistartsmanifesto.htm. Accessed April 24, 2015.

  • Voros, J. (2014). Galactic-scale macro-engineering: Looking for signs of other intelligence species, as an exercise in hope for our own. Big History: Exploring a New Scholarly Field, 1–18.

  • Wallace, A. R. (1871). Contributions to the theory of natural selection. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, Y., & Williamson, E. A. (2004). Transport of dead infant mountain gorilla by mothers and unrelated females. Zoo Biology, 23, 375–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, S. (2002). If the universe is teeming with aliens… Where is everybody? Fifty solutions to the fermi paradox and the problem of extraterrestrial life (Vol. 101). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil, D. (2004). Economic growth. Addison-Wesley.

  • Weinberg, S. (1977). The first three minutes: A modern view of the origin of the universe. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, H. G. (1908). First and last things: A confession of faith and a rule of life. G.P: Putnam’s Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, H. G. (1920). The outline of history: Being a plain history of life and mankind. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wernick, A. (2014). Some sci-fi writers want fewer killer robots and more vision for the future. Pri. http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-07-29/some-sci-fi-writers-want-fewer-killer-robots-and-more-vision-future. Accessed May 2, 2015.

  • West, M. J., King, A. P., & White, D. J. (2003). Discovering culture in birds: The role of learning and development. Animal social complexity: Intelligence, culture, and individualized societies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, J. A. (1988). World as system self-synthesized by quantum networking. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 32, 4–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, L. (1949). The science of culture: A study of man and civilization. New York: Grove Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, T., Asfaw, B., DeGusta, D., Gilbert, H., Richards, G. D., Suwa, G., et al. (2003). Pleistocene homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature01669.

  • Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., et al. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 15–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or control and communication in the animal and machine. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, N. (1950). The human use of human beings: Cybernetics and society. London: Free Association Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, N. (1963). God and Golem, Inc. A comment on certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wierenga, E. R. (2003). The nature of god: An inquiry into divine attributes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, H., Levin, I. I., Ryan Norris, D., Newman, A. E. M., & Wheelwright, N. T. (2013). Three decades of cultural evolution in Savannah sparrow songs. Animal Behaviour, 85, 213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (1998). Consilience: The unity of knowledge. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woese, C., Kandler, O., & Wheelis, M. (1990). Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87, 4576–4579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfram, S. (2002). A new kind of science. Wolfram Media.

  • Wolfram, S. (2011). Imagining the future with a new kind of science. http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2011/10/imagining-the-future-with-a-new-kind-of-science/. Accessed September 17, 2014.

  • World Factbook. (2014). Country comparison: Total fertility rate. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html. Accessed April 14, 2015.

  • Yampolskiy, R. V. (2012). Leakproofing the singularity: Artificial intelligence confinement problem. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 19, 194–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Smith, A., Barry, T. L., Coe, A. L., Bown, P. R., et al. (2008). Are we now living in the anthropocene? GSA Today, 18, 4–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. E. (2008). The singularity: A crucial phase in divine self-actualization? Cosmos and History: The Journal of Nature and Social Philosophy, 4, 347–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Žižek, S. (2011). Living in the end times. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Žižek, S. (2012). Less than nothing: Hegel and the shadow of dialectical materialism. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank John Smart, Clément Vidal, John Stewart, David Weinbaum (Weaver), Viktoras Veitas, Marios Kyriazis, Claudio Flores Martinez, David Christian and all anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and constructive feedback. I would like to thank the Global Brain Institute (GBI) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB) for support and the opportunity to develop and share these ideas with the world, and in particular, to present these ideas at the International Big History Association (IBHA) 2014. I would also like to thank the authors I cited, who provided me with a wealth of data and a playground of brilliant concepts and theories, without which I would have never been able to produce this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cadell Last.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Last, C. Big Historical Foundations for Deep Future Speculations: Cosmic Evolution, Atechnogenesis, and Technocultural Civilization. Found Sci 22, 39–124 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-015-9434-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-015-9434-y

Keywords