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Neurotransmitter norepinephrine regulates chromatosomes aggregation and the formation of blotches in coral trout Plectropomus leopardus

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Abstract

Color changes and pattern formations can represent strategies of the utmost importance for the survival of individuals or of species. Previous studies have associated capture with the formation of blotches (areas with light color) of coral trout, but the regulatory mechanisms link the two are lacking. Here, we report that capture induced blotches formation within 4–5 seconds. The blotches disappeared after anesthesia dispersed the pigment cells and reappeared after electrical stimulation. Subsequently, combining immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy and chemical sympathectomy, we found blotches formation results from activation of catecholaminergic neurons below the pigment layer. Finally, the in vitro incubation and intraperitoneal injection of norepinephrine (NE) induced aggregation of chromatosomes and lightening of body color, respectively, suggesting that NE, a neurotransmitter released by catecholaminergic nerves, mediates blotches formation. Our results demonstrate that acute stress response-induced neuronal activity can drive rapid changes in body color, which enriches our knowledge of physiological adaptations in coral reef fish.

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Acknowledgements

We thank technician Xinming Chen of Xiao Deng Fisheries Technology Co., LTD for his help in obtaining and transporting experimental fish. We appreciate Chenchen Shi (PhD candidate) of the College of Ocean and Earth sciences, Xiamen University for her assistance in collecting samples for ultrastructure observation.

Funding

This work was supported by the Key Project of Agriculture in Fujian Province of China (No. 2021N0001, 2021NZ033016).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People’s Republic of China

    Nannan Zhao, Ke Jiang, Xiaoyu Ge, Jing Huang & Shi Xi Chen

  2. State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People’s Republic of China

    Caiming Wu

  3. State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People’s Republic of China

    Shi Xi Chen

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  1. Nannan Zhao
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Study conception and design: Nannan Zhao, Shi Xi Chen; material preparation, data collection and analysis: Nannan Zhao, Ke Jiang, Xiaoyu Ge, Jing Huang; methodology: Nannan Zhao, Caiming Wu; data curation: Nannan Zhao; writing — original draft: Nannan Zhao; writing — review and editing: Shi Xi Chen; Resources: Shi Xi Chen; project administration: Shi Xi Chen. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shi Xi Chen.

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The Laboratory Animal Management and Ethics Committee of Xiamen University gave its approval to all animal experiments, which were planned to reduce pain and the number of animals utilized.

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10695_2024_1300_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary file1. Fig. S1 The electrical stimulation device and stimulation process. (A) The JL-A electronic stimulator; (B) Electrode connected to electrical stimulation devices; (C-D) Stimulation site and skin color before and after electrical stimulation (black circle) (PDF 85 KB)

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Zhao, N., Jiang, K., Ge, X. et al. Neurotransmitter norepinephrine regulates chromatosomes aggregation and the formation of blotches in coral trout Plectropomus leopardus. Fish Physiol Biochem 50, 705–719 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-024-01300-1

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