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Effects of thermal stress responses in goldfish (Carassius auratus): growth performance, total carotenoids and coloration, hematology, liver histology, and critical thermal maximum

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Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of thermal stress on growth, feed utilization, coloration, hematology, liver histology, and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in goldfish (Carassius auratus) cultured at three different acclimation temperatures including 27 °C, 30 °C, and 34 °C for 10 weeks. Goldfish were assigned randomly to tanks with a quadruplicate setup, accommodating 20 fish per tank. The result showed that fish acclimated to different temperatures did not significantly differ in weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR). However, increasing temperature significantly decreased feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein productive value (PPV), but significantly increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). The coloration parameters significantly decreased by high temperature in the trunk region with increasing temperature (L* and a* at week 5; L*, a*, and b* at week 10; P < 0.05). Total carotenoid contents in serum, fin, muscle, and skin also significantly decreased with increasing temperature (P < 0.05). Total protein, albumin, and globulin levels exhibited a notable decrease, while the albumin: globulin ratio showed a slight insignificant increase, with increasing temperature. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol, and triglycerides significantly increased with increasing temperature (P < 0.05). While, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Glucose and cortisol levels linearly increased with increasing temperature, the highest levels being observed in the 34 °C group. Liver histology showed swollen hepatocytes, nuclei displacement, and infiltration of inflammation in fish cultured at 34 °C. Goldfish acclimated to 34 °C displayed a higher CTmax of 43.83 °C compared to other groups. The present study showed that temperature should be kept below 34 °C for goldfish culture to prevent high FCR, fading coloration, and liver damages.

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The data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

All authors would like to thank the Department of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Thailand, for the support and facilities used in this study.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT, 65A107000053); the Fundamental Fund, Thailand: FF(NU)_2565 (grant number: FRB650022/0179, R2565B013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Environment, Naresuan University, 99 M. 1, T. Thapo, A. Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand

    Anurak Khieokhajonkhet, Marisa Phoprakot & Niran Aeksiri

  2. College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, 3007 N. Ben Wilson, Victoria, TX, 77901, USA

    Gen Kaneko

  3. Kidchakan Supamattaya Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand

    Wutiporn Phromkunthong

Authors
  1. Anurak Khieokhajonkhet
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  2. Marisa Phoprakot
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  3. Niran Aeksiri
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  4. Gen Kaneko
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  5. Wutiporn Phromkunthong
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Contributions

Anurak Khieokhajonkhet: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision; Marisa Phoprakot: performed experiments, data collection; Niran Akesiri: hematological analysis; Gen Kaneko and Wutiporn Phromkunthong: review and editing the manuscript. The final manuscript was examined and accepted by all contributors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anurak Khieokhajonkhet.

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Ethics approval

All fish handling and experimental protocols were inspected and approved by The Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University (Approval number: AG-AQ0002/2564). In addition, all experimental animal was also conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Institute of Animals for Scientific Purpose Development (IAD), the National Research Council of Thailand's Ethic of Animal Experimentation (reference number: U1/00704/2558).

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Khieokhajonkhet, A., Phoprakot, M., Aeksiri, N. et al. Effects of thermal stress responses in goldfish (Carassius auratus): growth performance, total carotenoids and coloration, hematology, liver histology, and critical thermal maximum. Fish Physiol Biochem 49, 1391–1407 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-023-01263-9

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