Abstract
The present study elucidated hepatic molecular and physiological responses of giant gourami to high dietary carbohydrates. Two levels of dietary carbohydrate, normal carbohydrate (34%, NC) and high carbohydrate (53%, HC), were offered to the fish for 60 days. We evaluated the expression of genes that are related to carbohydrate metabolism, lipogenic capacities, amino acid catabolism, Krebs cycle, and energy sensing. In addition, we also observed the digestive enzyme activities, plasma glucose, glycogen content, whole-body composition, and growth performance of the fish. On day 30 after treatment, fish fed with high dietary carbohydrate level has significantly higher expression of gck, pk, hk, and ldh than the NC group (P < 0.05). In contrast, fish in the HC group had lower expression of irs1, igf-1, sdh, fbp, g6pc, gyp, and ampk compared to the NC fish (P < 0.05). On day 60 of the feeding trial, gck and hk expressions were still higher in the HC group (P < 0.05), and gyp, gdh, and ampk became increasingly expressed in the HC group. The increase of dietary carbohydrates resulted in significant increases in amylase and protease activity, plasma glucose, liver glycogen, crude protein, and lipid contents of the fish whole-body (P < 0.05). The high carbohydrate feeding reduced the fish growth rate but increased feed efficiency and did not affect mortality. In conclusion, giant gourami could utilize high carbohydrates due to a high amylase secretion, high modulation of carbohydrate metabolism, and large glucose storage capacity.
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Wira Wisnu Wardani; Reza Samsudin, MSi; Mr. Dedi Supriadi; Dodi Hermawan, MSi; and Mrs. Lina Mulyani for their excellent technical assistance with this study.
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This study was funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia for the research grant No. 4099/IT3.L1/PN/2020.
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D.N.S.: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, editing, and validation. H.N.: formal analysis, writing—review, editing, and validation. J.E., M.A.S., and A.A.: conceptualization, data curation, writing—review, editing, and validation.
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All fish were handled in accordance with the Animal Care and Use Committee of IPB University, Indonesia (Grant No. 192–2021 IPB) and the national standard for fish experimentation guidelines (01–6489-2000) of the Republic of Indonesia. All surgery was performed under MS-222 anesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering.
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Sari, D.N., Ekasari, J., Nasrullah, H. et al. High carbohydrate increases amylase, plasma glucose, and gene expression related to glycolysis in giant gourami Osphronemus goramy. Fish Physiol Biochem 48, 1495–1505 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01155-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01155-4