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Effects of acute low-salinity stress on osmoregulation, antioxidant capacity, and growth of the black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

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Abstract

The black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) is an important marine economic fish found on the southeast coast of China. Because of the frequent climate change, the salinity of the waters inhabited by A. schlegelii often decreases, which interferes with the fish’s physiological homeostasis. The isotonic salinity of teleosts are usually lower than that of seawater, so maximum economic benefits cannot be obtained from conventional mariculture. This study was performed to preliminarily clarify the osmotic regulation and antioxidant mechanism of juvenile A. schlegelii and find an appropriate culture salinity value. We selected 5 psu, 10 psu, 15 psu, and 25 psu (control) to conduct physiological experiments for 96 h and growth experiments for 60 days. We found that the juvenile A. schlegelii could adjust their osmotic pressure within 12 h. The growth hormone and cortisol were found to be seawater-acclimating hormones, whereas prolactin was freshwater-acclimating hormone. The activity and mRNA expression of Na+/K+-ATPase showed a U-shaped trend with the decrease of in salinity at 12–96 h. Serum ion concentration and osmotic pressure remained at a relatively stable level after being actively adjusted from 6 to 12 h. At 96 h, the osmotic pressure of the serum isotonic point of juvenile A. schlegelii was approximately equal to that of water with 14.94 salinity. The number and volume of Cl−-secreting cells in the gills decreased. The glomeruli were more developed and structurally sound, with the renal tubules increasing in diameter and the medial brush border being more developed; this may indicate a decrease in salt secretion and an enhanced reabsorption function in the low salinity groups. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and concentration of malondialdehyde were the lowest in the 15 psu group. In addition, the culture conditions of the 15 psu group improved the feed conversion rate without significant differences in weight gain when compared with the control group. Our results show that 15 psu salinity may be the best parameter for obtaining the maximum economic benefits.

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Data availability

The data used to support to the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

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Abbreviations

PSU:

Practical salinity units

FW:

Freshwater

SW:

Seawater

COR:

Cortisol

NKA:

Na+/K+-ATPase

MRCs:

Mitochondrial-rich cells

GH:

Growth hormone

PRL:

Prolactin

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

MDA:

Malonyldialdehyde

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

CAT:

Catalase

WGR:

Weight gain rate

FR:

Feed rate

FCE:

Feed conversion rate

MRC:

Mitochondria rich cell

PVC:

Pavement cell

PiC:

Pillar cell

BC:

Blood cell

MC:

Mucous cells

G:

Glomerulus

P:

Proximal segment

DSM:

Distal segment

CS:

Collecting segment

CV:

Central veins

LC:

Liver cell

LCC:

Liver cell cord

IV:

Interlobular vein

V:

Vacuole

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872586), the Major Project of Science, Technology and Innovation 2025 In Ningbo City (2021Z003), and by K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.

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  1. School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, Ningbo, China

    Yibo Zhang, Shun Zhang, Shanliang Xu & Danli Wang

  2. Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China

    Shanliang Xu

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Yibo Zhang and Shun Zhang performed the experiments and analyzed the data. Yibo Zhang wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shanliang Xu or Danli Wang.

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The principles and procedures of the sampling methods were in strict accordance with the requirements of the Governing Regulation for the Use of Experimental Animals in Zhejiang Province (Zhejiang Provincial Government Order No. 263, released on 17 August 2009, effective from 1 October 2010) and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Ningbo University.

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Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Xu, S. et al. Effects of acute low-salinity stress on osmoregulation, antioxidant capacity, and growth of the black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Fish Physiol Biochem 48, 1599–1617 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01144-7

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