Abstract
The purpose of this study was aimed to determine the appropriate level of dietary phenylalanine and explored the influences of phenylalanine on target rapamycin (TOR) signaling and glucose and lipid metabolism in largemouth bass. Six isonitrogenous/isoenergetic diets with graded phenylalanine levels (1.45% (control group), 1.69%, 1.98%, 2.21%, 2.48%, and 2.76%) were designed. Experimental feed was used to feed juvenile largemouth bass (initial body weight 19.5 ± 0.98 g) for 8 weeks. The final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), and weight gain (WG) reached their highest values in the 1.98% dietary phenylalanine group and then declined with increasing phenylalanine addition. No significant difference was found in the whole-body composition of largemouth bass between different dietary phenylalanine groups. Compared with the control group, 1.69% dietary phenylalanine significantly reduced the contents of plasma glucose (GLU) and total protein (TP), and total cholesterol (TC) contents increased significantly in the 1.98% dietary phenylalanine group (P < 0.05). The key gene expressions of TOR signaling pathway and lipid metabolism was significantly inhibited by 2.21% dietary phenylalanine (P < 0.05). The 1.98% dietary phenylalanine group showed significantly increased expression of genes related to insulin signaling pathway and factors involved in fatty acid synthesis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 2.76% dietary phenylalanine group inhibited glucose metabolism by lowering the key gene expressions of glucose metabolism (P < 0.05). According to quadratic regression analyses based on the WG and FER, the appropriate level of dietary phenylalanine for largemouth bass were 2.00% and 2.02% of the diet (4.23% and 4.27% dietary protein), respectively, with a constant amount of tyrosine (1.33%). Hence, the total aromatic amino acid requirements were 3.33% and 3.35% of the diet (equivalent to 7.03% and 7.09% of the protein content), which may provide a theoretical basis for the development of largemouth bass feed formulas. Therefore, the growth and metabolism of largemouth bass could be promoted by controlling the content of phenylalanine in the diet, or the imbalance of phenylalanine can form a specific pathological model.
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This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0900400), the earmarked fund for CARS (CARS-46).
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Mingchun Ren and Xiaoru Chen designed the study and reviewed the manuscript. Changguo Yi carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript. Hualiang Liang, Jian Zhu, Yongli Wang, and Songlin Li provided technical assistance. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
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All experimental protocols were followed by the Institutional Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. [Permit number: SYXK (Su) 2011–0036], and carefully considering the welfare of the fishes.
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Yi, C., Liang, H., Xu, G. et al. Appropriate dietary phenylalanine improved growth, protein metabolism and lipid metabolism, and glycolysis in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fish Physiol Biochem 50, 349–365 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01138-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01138-5