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Effect of winter feeding frequency on growth performance, biochemical blood parameters, oxidative stress, and appetite-related genes in Takifugu rubripes

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Abstract

Tiger pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) is one of Asia’s most economically valuable aquaculture species. However, winter production of this species in North China is limited by low water temperature and unavailability of high-quality feed, resulting in high mortality and low profitability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency (F1: one daily meal; F2: two daily meals; F3: four daily meals; F4: continuous diurnal feeding using a belt feeder) on the growth performance, plasma biochemistry, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, and expression of appetite-related genes in T. rubripes (initial weight: 266.80 ± 12.32 g) cultured during winter (18.0 ± 1.0 °C) for 60 days. The results showed that fish in the F3 group had the highest final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, survival rate, and best feed conversion ratio. Additionally, daily feed intake increased significantly with increasing feeding frequency. The protein efficiency and lipid efficiency ratios of fish in the F3 group were significantly higher than those of fish in the other groups. Furthermore, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels increased with increasing feeding frequency, peaking in the F2 group and decreasing under higher feeding frequencies. The antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase) and digestive (trypsin, amylase, and lipase) enzyme activities of fish in the F1 group were significantly higher than those of fish in the F3 and F4 groups. Additionally, there was a decrease in orexin expression with increasing feeding frequency. In contrast, the expression levels of tachykinin, cholecystokinin, and leptin increased with increasing feeding frequency, peaking in the F4 group. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that a feeding frequency of four meals per day was optimal for improved growth performance of pufferfish juveniles cultured during winter.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at https://figshare.com/s/9c6a82240eaf655aaeb8, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14955105.

Code availability

Not applicable.

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Funding

This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFD0900503), Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, YSFRI, CAFS (No. 20603022021007), Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS (No. 2020TD49), and China Agriculture Research System for Marine Fish Culture Industry (CARS-47).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaoqiang Gao, Xinyi Wang, Xi Wang, Hongxu Li, Liang Xu, Yingying Fang, Shuquan Cao, Bin Huang & Baoliang Liu

  2. College of Fisheries and Life Science, Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People’s Republic of China

    Xinyi Wang & Xi Wang

  3. Yuhai Hongqi Ocean Engineering Co. LTD, Rizhao, 276800, People’s Republic of China

    Haibin Chen & Rui Xing

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  1. Xiaoqiang Gao
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  3. Xi Wang
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Contributions

Xiao-Qiang Gao designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. Xi Wang, Xinyi Wang, and Shu-Quan Cao completed the biochemical parameters analysis experiment and assisted in data collection. Hong Xu Li, Liang Xu, and Ying-Ying Fang primarily undertook blood and tissue collection and fish management. Bin Huang provided funding support and the project idea. Chen Hai-Bin and Xing Rui were responsible for aquaculture technical guidance during the experiment. Bao Liang Liu primarily revised the manuscript. All the authors contributed in the analysis and interpretation of data and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Baoliang Liu.

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All animals used in this research were treated humanely following the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, considering alleviation of distress and discomfort. The procedures used in this research were approved by the Committee on Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (permit no. YSFRI-2019017).

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Gao, X., Wang, X., Wang, X. et al. Effect of winter feeding frequency on growth performance, biochemical blood parameters, oxidative stress, and appetite-related genes in Takifugu rubripes. Fish Physiol Biochem 48, 1167–1181 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01107-y

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