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Histological alterations, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in the liver of swamp eel (Monopterus albus) acutely exposed to copper

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Abstract

Copper (Cu) is widely used as an essential trace element in diets as well as a therapeutic chemical. However, excessive Cu has deleterious effects on organisms, including teleosts. Although numerous toxic effects of Cu have been reported, the effects of Cu exposure on the swamp eel (Monopterus albus) as well as the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In this study, swamp eels were acutely exposed to 100, 200, and 400 μg/L of Cu for 96 h to evaluate liver histopathology, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Dissolution of hepatocyte membrane, vacuolar degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration were detected in the livers of the Cu-treated swamp eels, especially in the 400 μg Cu/L group. Cu-induced hepatic dysfunction was further verified by the elevated activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and transcript levels of GOT and GPT genes. In addition, Cu exposure decreased the activities of total superoxide dismutase T-SOD and catalase (CAT) and the contents of glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Cu exposure also significantly decreased the transcript levels of glutathione synthetase (GSS) and increased the transcript levels of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) genes. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory genes such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-8 were significantly upregulated. These results indicate that Cu induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response and causes pathological changes in the liver of the swamp eel.

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Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31960729) and China Agriculture Research System (CARS-46).

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  1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330045, People’s Republic of China

    Lin Liu, Qiubai Zhou, Changgao Lin, Li He & Lili Wei

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  1. Lin Liu
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  3. Changgao Lin
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LL, ZQB, and WLL participated in the design of this study. LL and WLL analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. LL and LCG conducted most animal experiments. LL, LCG, and HL performed some of the experiments, and WLL provided manuscript editing and feedback. All authors have read the manuscript and approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Lili Wei.

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The experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the Chinese Law on Experimental Animals and were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Jiangxi Agricultural University (no. JXAULL-2020–21).

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Liu, L., Zhou, Q., Lin, C. et al. Histological alterations, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in the liver of swamp eel (Monopterus albus) acutely exposed to copper. Fish Physiol Biochem 47, 1865–1878 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-021-01014-8

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