Abstract
Invasive silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carp, collectively referred to as bigheaded carps, threaten aquatic ecosystems of the Upper Midwestern USA. Due to the extensive ecological impacts associated with these species, prevention of their further range expansion is the aim for fisheries management. Recent behavioral studies indicate bigheaded carps are deterred by acoustic barriers and exhibit negative phonotaxis in response to anthropogenic sound sources (≥ 150 dB re 1 μPa). However, the impact of long-term exposure to these sounds on the hearing capabilities of bigheaded carps has not been well documented. In this study, the auditory evoked potential (AEP) technique was used to determine auditory thresholds among bigheaded carps before and after exposure to high intensity (155.7 ± 4.7 dB re 1 μPa SPLrms; − 8.0 ± 4.7 dB re 1 ms−2 PALrms; mean ± SD) broadband sound. Fish were exposed to sound for 30 min or 24 h and AEP measurements were taken at three time points: immediately after exposure, 48 h, or 96 h later. Results indicate that silver and bighead carp experience temporary threshold shifts (TTSs) in frequency detection following sound exposure with the magnitude and length of TTS correlated with exposure duration. The findings from this study will be used to increase the long-term efficacy of acoustical deterrent measures aimed at preventing further range expansion of bigheaded carps.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Marybeth Brey from the US Geological Survey (USGS) Upper Midwest Environmental Center (UMESC). Jim Wamboldt and Kelsie Murchy from USGS UMESC and Robin Calfee from the USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center provided fish for this study. Rosalyn Putland assisted with creating the supplemental figures and the power spectral density analysis. All supporting data used in this publication are available from ScienceBase.
Funding
Funding was provided by the USGS UMD Cooperative Agreement G16AC00390.
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Fig. 1
Power spectral density analysis of the recording of the 100 hp outboard boat motor (4-stroke). This is the sound file that was used for all sound exposure treatments. (PNG 1772 kb)
Fig. 2
Sound pressure levels within the exposure tank for ambient (background) and broadband sound exposure conditions. Measurements were taken from 31 points, indicated by white circles, at 16 and 24 cm and 30 points at 32 cm below the water surface. Distances of recordings from the speaker are indicated along the x and y axes for each plot. (PNG 72 kb)
Fig. 3
Particle acceleration levels within the exposure tank for ambient (background) and broadband sound exposure conditions. Measurements were taken from 31 points, indicated by white circles, at 16 and 24 cm and 30 points at 32 cm below the water surface. Distances of recordings from the speaker are indicated along the x and y axes for each plot. (PNG 508 kb)
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Nissen, A.C., Vetter, B.J., Rogers, L.S. et al. Impacts of broadband sound on silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carp hearing thresholds determined using auditory evoked potential audiometry. Fish Physiol Biochem 45, 1683–1695 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-019-00657-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-019-00657-y