Abstract
Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-dextran) exchange between the primary (PCS) and secondary (SCS) circulatory systems in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1752), were studied using 20-kDa (n = 4) and 500-kDa (n = 4) FITC-dextran. In order to give a qualitative perspective of the general connection between the PCS and SCS, distribution of plasma-borne tracers (FITC-dextran) in the PCS and SCS were examined. In this study, a total of eight cod were cannulated in the ventral aorta (PCS) and dorsal cutaneous vessel (SCS), for investigation of FITC-dextran disappearance in the PCS and its subsequent appearance in the SCS. FITC-dextran of both sizes was found to be in equilibrium between the PCS and SCS in less than 20 min. This indicates a profound connection between the PCS and SCS in the Atlantic cod, and rapid mixing of tracers between the PCS and SCS. The destination of the injected 500-kDa FITC-dextran was also examined, and it was observed that of the 500-kDa FITC-dextran lost from the primary and secondary vascular systems, 63.0 ± 9.2% could be recovered from the liver
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

References
Arfors K-E, Rutili G, Svensjö E (1979) Microvascular transport of macromolecules in normal and inflammatory conditions. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 463:93–103
Brill RW, Cousins KL, Jones DR, Bushnell PG, Steffensen JF (1998) Blood volume, plasma volume and circulation time in a high-energy-demand teleost, the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). J Exp Biol 201:647–654
Bushnell PG, Conklin DJ, Duff DW, Olson KR (1998) Tissue and whole-body extracellular, red blood cell and albumin spaces in the rainbow trout as a function of time: a reappraisal of the volume of the secondary circulation. J Exp Biol 201:1381–1391
Duff DW, Fitzgerald D, Kullman D, Lipke DW, Ward J, Olson KR (1987) Blood volume and red cell space in tissues of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Comp Biochem Physiol 87A(No. 2):393–398
Jobling M (1988) A review of the physiological and nutritional energetics of cod, Gadus morhua L., with particular reference to growth under farmed conditions. Aquaculture 70:1–19
Larsen C (1989) Dextran prodrugs - structure and stability in relation to therapeutic activity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 3:103–108 & 131–139
Lum H, Malik AB (1996) Mechanisms of increased endothelial permeability. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 74:787–800
Mehvar R (2000) Dextrans for targeted and sustained delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents. J Control Release 69:1–25
Nichols DJ (1987) Fluid volumes in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: application of compartmental analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol 87A:703–709
Niesink RJJ, Vries Jd, Hollinger MA (1996) Toxicology principles and applications. CRC Press, Tokyo, pp 113–128, 137–186, 295–308
Olson KR, Kinney DW, Dombkowski RA, Duff DW (2003) Transvascular and intravascular fluid transport in the rainbow trout: revisiting Starling´s forces, The secondary circulation and interstitial compliance. J Exp Biol 206:457–467
Randall D, Burggren W, French K (1997) Capillaries and microcirculation. In: Animal physiology, mechanisms and adaptations 4th ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, USA, pp 499–501
Rumbaut RE, Sial AJ (1999) Differential phototoxicity of fluorescent dye-labeled albumin conjugates. Microcirculation 6:205–213
Skov PV, Bennett MB (2003) The secondary vascular system of Actinopterygii: interspecific variation in origins and investment. Zoomorphology 122:181–190
Skov PV, Steffensen JF (2003) The blood volumes of the primary and secondary circulatory system in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L., using plasma bound Evans blue and compartmental analysis. J Exp Biol 206:591–599
Steffensen JF, Lomholt JP, Vogel WOP (1986) In vivo observations on a specialized microvasculature, the primary and secondary vessels in fishes. Acta Zool (Stockh.) 67(no. 4):193–200
Steffensen JF, Lomholt JP (1992) The secondary vascular system. In: Hoar HS, Randall DJ, Farrell AP (eds) Fish physiology, vol XIIA. Academic Press, pp 185–217
Vogel WOP, Claviez M (1981) Vascular specialization in fish, no evidence for lymphatics. Z. Naturforsch 36C:490–492
Vogel WOP (1985a) Systemic vascular anastomoses, primary and secondary vessels in fish, and the phylogeny of lymphatics. In: Johamsem K, Burggren WW (eds) Cardiovascular shunts. A. Benzon Symposium 21
Vogel WOP (1985b) The caudal heart of fish: not a lymph heart. Acta Anat 121:41–45
Zhang J-L, Yokoyama S, Ohhashi T (1997) Inhibitory effects of fluorescein isothiocyanate photoactivation on lymphatic pump activity. Microvasc Res 54:99–107
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fischer, C., Steffensen, J.F. Plasma FITC-dextran exchange between the primary and secondary circulatory systems in the Atlantic cod, Gadus Morhua . Fish Physiol Biochem 34, 245–249 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-007-9183-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-007-9183-0
Keywords
- Secondary circulation
- Plasma exchange
- Gadus morhua
- FITC-dextran