Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Shielding Encapsulation to Enhance Fire Endurance of Phase Change Materials in Energy-Efficient Concrete

  • Published:
Fire Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Phase change materials (PCMs) are latent heat storage materials that can store a large amount of thermal energy while changing their phase and are usually incorporated into concrete for improving thermal properties. However, the fire performance of concrete incorporated with PCMs is adversely affected at elevated temperatures as PCMs have weaker fire endurance and burn out instantly in case of fire exposure. This research is focused on improving the fire endurance of PCMs introduced into the lightweight aggregate (LWA) using the vacuum infusion technique and incorporated in concrete encapsulated with fire resistant coating materials to achieve energy efficiency. In two encapsulation layers, the first encapsulation of epoxy sealed paraffin inside the pores of LWA at ambient conditions, while the second melamine–formaldehyde layer prevented the leakage of PCM into the concrete matrix at elevated temperatures and consequently shielded the flammable reaction of PCM. By shielding PCM, the fire performance of concrete was improved, as PCM inside concrete effectively remained serviceable up to 250°C temperature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. IEA P (2012) Energy technology perspectives 2012: pathways to a clean energy system. International Energy Agency Paris, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  2. Klee H (2004) Briefing: The Cement Sustainability Initiative. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability. Thomas Telford Ltd, London, pp. 9–11

  3. Shi X, Memon SA, Tang W, Cui H, Xing F (2014) Experimental assessment of position of macro encapsulated phase change material in concrete walls on indoor temperatures and humidity levels. Energy Build 71:80–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sharma B (2013) Incorporation of phase change materials into cementitious systems. Arizona State University, Tempe

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pérez-Lombard L, Ortiz J, Pout C (2008) A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy buildings 40:394–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Memon SA, Lo TY, Cui H, Barbhuiya S (2013) Preparation, characterization and thermal properties of dodecanol/cement as novel form-stable composite phase change material. Energy buildings 66:697–705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Khaliq W, Mansoor UB (2021) Performance evaluation for energy efficiency attainment in buildings based on orientation, temperature, and humidity parameters. Intell Buil Int. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1873096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Aste N, Angelotti A, Buzzetti M (2009) The influence of the external walls thermal inertia on the energy performance of well insulated buildings. Energy Build 41:1181–1187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cui H, Memon SA, Liu R (2015) Development, mechanical properties and numerical simulation of macro encapsulated thermal energy storage concrete. Energy Build 96:162–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Baetens R, Jelle BP, Gustavsen A (2010) Phase change materials for building applications: a state-of-the-art review. Energy Build 42:1361–1368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sakulich AR, Bentz DP (2012) Incorporation of phase change materials in cementitious systems via fine lightweight aggregate. Constr Build Mater 35:483–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Tokoro H, Yoshikiyo M, Imoto K, Namai A, Nasu T, Nakagawa K, Ozaki N, Hakoe F, Tanaka K, Chiba K (2015) External stimulation-controllable heat-storage ceramics. Nat Commun 6:7037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Pons O, Aguado A, Fernández Renna AI, Cabeza LF, Chimenos JM (2014) Review of the use of phase change materials (PCMs) in buildings with reinforced concrete structures. Mater Construcc 64:315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Jayalath A, Mendis P, Gammampila R, Aye L (2011) Applications of phase change materials in concrete for sustainable built environment: a review.

  15. Memon SA, Cui H, Zhang H, Xing F (2015) Utilization of macro encapsulated phase change materials for the development of thermal energy storage and structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Appl Energy 139:43–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Palacios A, De Gracia A, Haurie L, Cabeza LF, Fernández AI, Barreneche CJM (2018) Study of the thermal properties and the fire performance of flame retardant-organic PCM in bulk form. Materials (Basel) 11:117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Tyagi V, Kaushik S, Tyagi S, Akiyama T (2011) Development of phase change materials based microencapsulated technology for buildings: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:1373–1391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kuznik F, David D, Johannes K, Roux J-J (2011) A review on phase change materials integrated in building walls. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:379–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rathod MK, Banerjee J (2013) Thermal stability of phase change materials used in latent heat energy storage systems: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 18:246–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. McLaggan M, Hadden R, Gillie M (2018) Fire performance of phase change material enhanced plasterboard. Fire Technol 54:117–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Chung DDL (2001) Thermal interface materials. J Mater Eng Perform 10:56–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hassan A, Shakeel Laghari M, Rashid Y (2016) Micro-encapsulated phase change materials: a review of encapsulation, safety and thermal characteristics. Sustainability 8:1046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sharma A, Tyagi VV, Chen C, Buddhi D (2009) Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13:318–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Yuan Y, Lee TR (2013) Contact angle and wetting properties. Surface science techniques Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Bosch González M, Haurie Ibarra L, Cabeza LF, Serrano S, Fernández AI (2014) Addition of microencapsulated PCM into single layer mortar: physical and thermal properties and fire resistance. Proceedings of Eurotherm Seminar# 99: Advances in thermal energy storage, pp. 1–9.

  26. Pongsopha P, Sukontasukkul P, Maho B, Intarabut D, Phoo-ngernkham T, Hanjitsuwan S, Choi D, Limkatanyu S (2021) Sustainable rubberized concrete mixed with surface treated PCM lightweight aggregates subjected to high temperature cycle. Constr Buil Mater 303:124535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sukontasukkul P, Sangpet T, Newlands M, Yoo D-Y, Tangchirapat W, Limkatanyu S, Chindaprasirt P (2020) Thermal storage properties of lightweight concrete incorporating phase change materials with different fusion points in hybrid form for high temperature applications. Heliyon 6:e04863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Uthaichotirat P, Sukontasukkul P, Jitsangiam P, Suksiripattanapong C, Sata V, Chindaprasirt P (2020) Thermal and sound properties of concrete mixed with high porous aggregates from manufacturing waste impregnated with phase change material. J Build Eng 29:101111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sukontasukkul P, Sangpet T, Newlands M, Tangchirapat W, Limkatanyu S, Chindaprasirt P (2020) Thermal behaviour of concrete sandwich panels incorporating phase change material. Adv Build Energy Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2020.1788990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Pongsopha P, Sukontasukkul P, Phoo-ngernkham T, Imjai T, Jamsawang P, Chindaprasirt P (2019) Use of burnt clay aggregate as phase change material carrier to improve thermal properties of concrete panel. Case Studies Constr Mater 11:e00242

    Google Scholar 

  31. Liu L, Su D, Tang Y, Fang G (2016) Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials for thermal energy storage: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 62:305–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cai Y, Wei Q, Huang F, Lin S, Chen F, Gao W (2009) Thermal stability, latent heat and flame retardant properties of the thermal energy storage phase change materials based on paraffin/high density polyethylene composites. Renew Energy 34:2117–2123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. ASTM E1556–20 (2020) Standard Specification for Epoxy Resin System for Composite Skin, Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Repair. p. 9, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428–2959 USA.

  34. https://firefighterinsider.com/epoxy-flammable/.

  35. Baloch WL, Khushnood RA, Memon SA, Ahmed W, Ahmad S (2018) Effect of elevated temperatures on mechanical performance of normal and lightweight concretes reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Fire Technol 54:1331–1367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Palacios A, De Gracia A, Haurie L, Cabeza LF, Fernández AI, Barreneche C (2018) Study of the thermal properties and the fire performance of flame retardant-organic PCM in bulk form. Materials 11:117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Laoutid F, Bonnaud L, Alexandre M, Lopez-Cuesta J-M, Dubois P (2009) New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials: from fundamentals to nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng 63:100–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Nguyen N, Ngo T, Mendis P (2012) A review on fire protection for phase change materials in building applications. Materials to Structures: Advancement through Innovation Attard, MM, Samali, B., Song, C., Eds, 561-566.

  39. Su JF, Wang LX, Ren L, Huang Z (2007) Mechanical properties and thermal stability of double-shell thermal-energy-storage microcapsules. J Appl Polym Sci 103:1295–1302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Choi KC, Cho G, Kim P, Cho C (2004) Thermal storage/release and mechanical properties of phase change materials on polyester fabrics. Text Res J 74:292–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Fang G, Li H, Chen Z, Liu X (2011) Preparation and properties of palmitic acid/SiO2 composites with flame retardant as thermal energy storage materials. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 95:1875–1881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Sittisart P, Farid MM (2011) Fire retardants for phase change materials. Appl Energy 88:3140–3145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Cardosos I, Rocha Gomes J (2009) The application of microcapsules Of PCM In flame resistant non-woven materials. In J Cloth Sci Technol 21(2–3):102–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Ullah S, Bustam M, Nadeem M, Naz M, Tan W, Shariff A (2014) Synthesis and thermal degradation studies of melamine formaldehyde resins. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/940502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Jacob R, Bruno F (2015) Review on shell materials used in the encapsulation of phase change materials for high temperature thermal energy storage. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 48:79–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. ASTM C150/C150M-22 (2022) Standard Specification for Portland Cement. p. 9, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428–2959 USA.

  47. Afgan S, Khushnood RA, Memon SA, Iqbal N (2019) Development of structural thermal energy storage concrete using paraffin intruded lightweight aggregate with nano-refined modified encapsulation paste layer. Constr Build Mater 228:116768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Su J-F, Wang X-Y, Dong H (2012) Influence of temperature on the deformation behaviors of melamine–formaldehyde microcapsules containing phase change material. Mater Lett 84:158–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. ASTM D3418–21 (2021) Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. p. 8, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428–2959 USA.

  50. ASTM E1131–2 (2020) Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry. p. 6, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428–2959 USA.

  51. ASTM C39/C39M-21 (2021) Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021.

  52. ASTM C469/C469M-22 (2022) Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression. p. 6, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428–2959 USA.

  53. ASTM C496/C496M-17 (2017) Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. p. 5, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428–2959 USA.

  54. Qu Y, Chen J, Liu L, Xu T, Wu H, Zhou X (2020) Study on properties of phase change foam concrete block mixed with paraffin / fumed silica composite phase change material. Renew Energy 150:1127–1135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Su J-F, Huang Z, Ren LJC, Science P (2007) High compact melamine-formaldehyde microPCMs containing n-octadecane fabricated by a two-step coacervation method. Colloid Polym Sci 285:1581–1591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Gokulakumar B, Narayanaswamy R (2008) Fourier transform-infrared spectra (FT-IR) analysis of root rot disease in sesame (Sesamum indicum). Rom J Biophys 18:217–223

    Google Scholar 

  57. Coates J (2000) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry: interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. Encycl Analy Chem 2000:10815–10837

    Google Scholar 

  58. Feldman D, Banu D, Hawes D (1995) Development and application of organic phase change mixtures in thermal storage gypsum wallboard. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 36:147–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Devi TR, Gayathri S (2010) FTIR and FT-Raman spectral analysis of paclitaxel drugs. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2:106–110

    Google Scholar 

  60. Madejová J (2003) FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies. Vib Spectrosc 31:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Nandiyanto ABD, Oktiani R, Ragadhita R (2019) How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian J Sci Technol 4:97–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Khaliq W, Khan HA (2015) High temperature material properties of calcium aluminate cement concrete. Constr Build Mater 94:475–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Fu Y, Li L (2011) Study on mechanism of thermal spalling in concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. Mater Struct 44:361–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Khaliq W, Waheed F (2017) Mechanical response and spalling sensitivity of air entrained high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Constr Buil Mater 150:747–757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. ACI CODE-318–19(22) (2022) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. p. 624, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 48331–3439 USA.

  66. Akçaözoğlu K (2013) Microstructural examination of concrete exposed to elevated temperature by using plane polarized transmitted light method. Constr Build Mater 48:772–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research presented in this paper was supported by the National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. All the opinions, findings, and conclusions explained in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. The authors acknowledge with thanks, the help extended by Shanghai Lizoo Commodity Co, Ltd, China for the provision of paraffin PCM and the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Peshawar, Pakistan for the provision of specially prepared LWA.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Farhan Saleem, Rao Arsalan Khushnood & Hassan Sardar

  2. NUST Balochistan Campus (NBC), Quetta, 87300, Pakistan

    Wasim Khaliq

  3. Military College of Engineering, NUST, Risalpur, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rizwan

Authors
  1. Muhammad Farhan Saleem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wasim Khaliq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rao Arsalan Khushnood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Rizwan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hassan Sardar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wasim Khaliq.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced outcomes.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Saleem, M.F., Khaliq, W., Khushnood, R.A. et al. Shielding Encapsulation to Enhance Fire Endurance of Phase Change Materials in Energy-Efficient Concrete. Fire Technol 59, 1697–1723 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01404-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01404-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation