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Review of Research on Human Behavior in Large Outdoor Fires

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Abstract

Large outdoor fires such as wildfires, wildland urban interface (WUI) fires, urban fires, and informal settlement fires have received increased attention in recent years. In order to develop effective emergency plans to protect people from threats associated with these events, it is important to understand human behavior in large outdoor fires. This paper provides a broad review of existing empirical research and modeling efforts on human behavior in large outdoor fires to provide researchers and practitioners with reference material. In this paper, first, the various methodologies on how information on human behavior is collected from large outdoor fire events is reviewed. Next, available empirical literature that synthesized this information from various survey techniques to paint a picture of the human behavior from large outdoor fire disasters is summarized. The review then moves into how evacuation models have been developed to potentially predict human behavior during various large outdoor fire disasters, and how these models are dependent on the data collection methodologies above. This review concludes with emerging issues and challenges.

The review found that interviews and surveys taken from pre-and post-disasters have greatly advanced the understanding of human behavior in large outdoor fires. Yet, past modelling efforts were mainly limited to traffic modelling approaches. The current research direction has shifted to the use of Artificial intelligence (AI) and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods to model evacuation behavior coupled with fire spread. Most of the reviewed research was concerned with wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires, due in part to the greater number of disasters across the globe. As there were less informal settlement fire and urban fire disaster studies in the literature, much more work on those two fire types is needed in the future. There also needs to be broader comparison to all large outdoor fire types to potentially harness similarities amongst all of these types of disasters.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. E. Ronchi, Dr. S. Gwynne, Dr. R. Lovreglio and Dr. Kuligowski for their initial help, and would like to thank EME members, as well as co-leader Dr. S. McAllister, USFS, of IAFSS LOF&BE working group.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 136 Ketter Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA

    Negar Elhami-Khorasani

  2. National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada

    Max Kinateder

  3. CSIRO, Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne, VIC, 3169, Australia

    Vincent Lemiale & Leorey Marquez

  4. Reax Engineering Inc., 1921 University Ave, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA

    Samuel L. Manzello & Maria Theodori

  5. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel

    Ido Marom

  6. National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, 4-35-3 Jindaiji-Higashimachi, Chofu, Tokyo, 1820012, Japan

    Sayaka Suzuki

  7. University of California, 110 Sproul Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Maria Theodori

  8. State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (SKLFS), University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui, 23002, China

    Yu Wang

  9. University of Alberta, 6-269 Donadeo Innovation Centre For Engineering 9211-116 St, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H5, Canada

    Stephen D. Wong

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Elhami-Khorasani, N., Kinateder, M., Lemiale, V. et al. Review of Research on Human Behavior in Large Outdoor Fires. Fire Technol 59, 1341–1377 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01388-6

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