Abstract
Concrete materials in structures are prone to fire and deteriorate under elevated temperatures, and their retained properties are critical to the soundness and serviceability demands of the structure. The effort to improve concrete toughness and ductility necessitates fibres in concrete. Adding biofibers to concrete has been considered promising due to their eco-sustainability, relatively high stiffness, and CO2 neutrality compared to conventional fibres. Based on previous research, Jute, Hemp, and Sisal in the concrete composite have benefited pore pressure and crack reduction of heated concrete. However, lately, the fire performance of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Concrete (KFRC) is yet to be examined despite increasing structural usage. Therefore, this research presents an experimental report on a 28-day cured KFRC, and Plain Concrete (PC) as reference mixtures, heated for 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 600°C and 800°C, sustained for 2 h and tested after cooling. The fibres were treated and examined through SEM and TGA to ascertain their interfacial and thermal properties, using an optimum volume (0.75%) and length (25 mm) in the grade 40 mix. The KFRC’s residual physical and mechanical properties, weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and morphology were determined and compared with the control samples. The test results revealed that KFRC peaked its compressive strength at 300°C with a 4% strength gain and was thermally stable up to 400°C, compared with PC, which gained 3% at 400°C with superior performance. KFRC split tensile and flexural strength up to 300°C improved by 2% and 1% compared with the PC, which had 1% and 0% gain, respectively. Kenaf fibre improved concrete ductility and crack reduction under 400°C. The research would provide a database for KFRC standards development, fire-resistant design, and application strategy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Seabrook PT, Balck LF, Bawa KS, Bortz SA, Chynoweth GL, Crom TR, Dikeou JT, Drudy WA, Fredericks JC, Glassgold IL, Henager CH, Heneghan J, Kaden RA, Lanclos J, Litvin A (2001) Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Concr Int 6:15–27
Netinger Grubeša I, Marković B, Gojević A, Brdarić J (2018) Effect of hemp fibers on fire resistance of concrete. Constr Build Mater 184:473–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.014
Ghutham J, Bhuvanaeshwari M, Rooby J (2016) Experimental study on mechanical properties of rub-fibre reinforced concrete. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 14:65–78
Merta I, Tschegg EK (2013) Fracture energy of natural fibre reinforced concrete. Constr Build Mater 40:991–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.060
Ali M, Liu A, Sou H, Chouw N (2012) Mechanical and dynamic properties of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. Constr Build Mater 30:814–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.068
Momoh EO, Osofero AI (2019) Behaviour of oil palm broom fibres (OPBF) reinforced concrete. Constr Build Mater 221:745–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.118
Amziane S (2016) Overview on biobased building material made with plant aggregate. Sustain Constr Mater Technol 1:31–38
Bhattacharyya D, Subasinghe A, Kim NK (2015) Natural fibers: their composites and flammability characterizations. Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam
Babatunde OE, Yatim JM, Razavi M, Yunus IM, Azzmi NM (2018) Experimental study of kenaf bio fibrous concrete. Composites 24:3922–3927. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.11512
Onuaguluchi O, Banthia N (2016) Plant-based natural fibre reinforced cement composites: a review. Cem Concr Compos 68:96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.014
Li Z, Wang L, Wang X (2004) Compressive and flexural properties of hemp fiber reinforced. Concrete 5:187–197
Nambiar RA, Haridharan MK (2019) Mechanical and durability study of high performance concrete with addition of natural fiber (jute). Mater Today Proc 46:4941–4947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.339
de Silva FA, Filho RDT, de Filho JAM, de Fairbairn EMR (2010) Physical and mechanical properties of durable sisal fiber-cement composites. Constr Build Mater 24:777–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.030
Elsaid A, Dawood M, Seracino R, Bobko C (2011) Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced concrete. Constr Build Mater 25:1991–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.052
Mohd HAB, Arifin A, Nasima J, Hazandy AH, Khalil A (2014) Journey of kenaf in Malaysia: a review. Sci Res Essays 9:458–470. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE12.471
Akil HM, Omar MF, Mazuki AAM, Safiee S, Ishak ZAM, Abu Bakar A (2011) Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: a review. Mater. Des. 32:4107–4121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.008
Novak J, Kohoutkova A (2018) Mechanical properties of concrete composites subject to elevated temperature. Fire Saf J 95:66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.10.010
Memon SA, Shah SFA, Khushnood RA, Baloch WL (2019) Durability of sustainable concrete subjected to elevated temperature: a review. Constr Build Mater 199:435–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.040
Ozawa M, Subedi Parajuli S, Uchida Y, Zhou B (2019) Preventive effects of polypropylene and jute fibers on spalling of UHPC at high temperatures in combination with waste porous ceramic fine aggregate as an internal curing material. Constr Build Mater 206:219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.056
Jin L, Zhang R, Dou G, Du X (2018) Fire resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams after low-velocity impact loading. Fire Saf J 98:24–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.04.003
Ozawa M, Sato R, Yoon M-H, Rokugo K, Kim G-Y, Choe G-C (2017) Thermal properties of jute fiber concrete at high temperature. J Struct Fire Eng 7:182–192. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-09-2016-017
Ozawa M, Morimoto H (2014) Effects of various fibres on high-temperature spalling in high-performance concrete. Constr Build Mater 71:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.068
Zhang D, Tan KH, Dasari A, Weng Y (2020) Effect of natural fibers on thermal spalling resistance of ultra-high performance concrete. Cem Concr Compos 109:103512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103512
Juradin S, Vranješ LK, Jozić D, Boko I (2021) Post-fire mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with spanish broom fibers. J Compos Sci 5:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5100265
Aluko OG, Yatim JM, Kadir MAA, Yahya K (2020) A review of properties of bio-fibrous concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. Constr Build Mater 260:119671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119671
Hager I (2013) Behaviour of cement concrete at high temperature. Bull Polish Acad Sci Tech Sci 61:145–154. https://doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2013-0013
Babatunde OE, Yatim JM, Yunus IM, Hamid HA, Aziz AA, Razavi M (2016) Compressive creep of kenaf bio—fibrous concrete composite under one dimensional stressing. Mater Sci 289:279–289
Edeerozey AMM, Akil HM, Azhar AB, Ariffin MIZ (2007) Chemical modification of kenaf fibers. Mater Lett 61:2023–2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.08.006
Khalid NH, Yatim JM, Hafizah N (2015) Tensile behavior of the treated and untreated kenaf fibers. Int J Polym Sci. 2015:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/894565
Ramesh M (2018) Hemp, jute, banana, kenaf, ramie, sisal fibers. Elsevier Ltd, Amsterdam
Hashim NF, Zainal NM, Jamil N, Nor NN, Jusoh SM (2019) Strength and durability of kenaf fiber reinforced concrete for marine structures. Univ Malaysia Teren J Undergrad Res 1:1–9
Mohsin SMS, Manaf MF, Sarbini NN, Muthusamy K (2016) Behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with kenaf and steel hybrid fibre. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 11:5385–5390
Adole AM, Yatim JM, Ramli SA (2019) SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Kenaf fibre and its bio-based. Composites A 27:297–329
Mahjoub R, Mohamad J, Rahman A, Sam M, Hamid S (2014) Tensile properties of kenaf fiber due to various conditions of chemical fiber surface modifications. Constr Build Mater 55:103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.036
Lam TF, Yatim JM (2015) Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced concrete with different fiber content and fiber length. J Asian Concr Fed 1:11. https://doi.org/10.18702/acf.2015.09.1.11
Bashah NBMK (2018) Properties of kenaf fibrous pulverised fuel ash concrete. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor
Norul Izani MA, Paridah MT, Anwar UMK, Mohd Nor MY, H’Ng PS (2013) Effects of fiber treatment on morphology, tensile and thermogravimetric analysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches fibers. Composites Part B 45:1251–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.07.027
ASTM-C135 (2005) standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. Annu B ASTM Stand, pp 5–9
ASTM-C150 (2002) ASTM C150, 04, pp 1–7
A. C494-04 (2008) Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. Annu B ASTM Stand, pp 1–9
DOE-Method (2013) BS mix design DOE method. https://www.scribd.com/doc/40206526/Bs-Mix-Design-Doe-Method
BS EN 12350-2 (2009) Testing fresh concrete, Part 2: slump-test. BSI
ASTM E119-16a (2016) ASTM E119: standard test methods for fire tests of building construction and materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, p 552
ISO 834-12 (2012) International Standard: Fire resistance tests: elements of building construction. https://www.sis.se/std-915507
Khaliq W, Kodur VKR (2011) Effect of high temperature on tensile strength of different types of high-strength concrete. ACI Mater J 108:394–402. https://doi.org/10.14359/51683112
Arioz O (2007) Residual strength and pore structure of high-strength concrete and normal strength concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Fire Saf J 42:516–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60260-9
Phanl LT, Lawson JR, David FL (2001) Characteristics, spalling, and residual properties of high performance concrete. Mater Struct Constr 34:83–91
Afzal MT, Khushnood RA (2021) Influence of carbon nano fibers (CNF) on the performance of high strength concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. Constr Build Mater 268:121108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121108
Yang H, Zhao H, Liu F (2018) Residual cube strength of coarse RCA concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures. Fire Mater 42:424–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2508
Al Qadi ANS, Al-Zaidyeen SM (2014) Effect of fibre content and specimen shape on residual strength of polypropylene fibre self-compacting concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci. 26:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2012.12.002
ASTM C 597- 97 (1989) Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete, ASTM Int, pp 3–6
Hager I (2014) Colour change in heated concrete. Fire Technol 50:945–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-012-0320-7
BS EN 12350-3 (2009) Testing hardened concrete: compressive strength of test specimens. BSI
ASTM C 496M-02, C496–96 Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete, Am. Soc. Test. Mater. 04 (2002) 2–6.
ASTM-C78-2002 (2002) Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete, stand. test method flexural strength concr. (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading) ASTM Int, pp 1–3
ASTM-C1723-10 (2010) ASTM C1723–10: standard guide for examination of hardened concrete using scanning electron microscopy, pp 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1723-10.2
Khandelwal S, Rhee KY (2020) Recent advances in basalt-fiber-reinforced composites: tailoring the fiber-matrix interface. Composite Part B 192:108011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108011
Hossein Mohammadhosseini JMY (2017) Microstructure and residual properties of green concrete composites incorporating waste carpet fibers and palm oil fuel ash at elevated temperatures. J Clean Prod 144:8–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.168
Xue Y, Du Y, Elder S, Wang K, Zhang J (2009) Temperature and loading rate effects on tensile properties of kenaf bast fiber bundles and composites. Composites Part B 40:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.11.009
Brooks JJ, Neville AM (2010) Concrete technology, 2nd edn. Longman Group UK Limited, Harlow
Awal ASMA, Shehu IA (2015) Performance evaluation of concrete containing high volume palm oil fuel ash exposed to elevated temperature. Constr Build Mater 76:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.001
Khoury G, Anderberg Y (2000) Fire safety design, concrete spalling review. Swedish National Road Administration, Borlänge
Hertz KD (2003) Limits of spalling of fire-exposed concrete. Fire Saf J 38:103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00051-6
Kodur VKR, Phan L (2007) Critical factors governing the fire performance of high strength concrete systems. Fire Saf J 42:482–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.10.006
Novák J, Kohoutková A (2017) Fire response of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete to high temperature. Procedia Eng 172:784–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.123
Awal ASMA, Shehu IA, Ismail M (2015) Effect of cooling regime on the residual performance of high-volume palm oil fuel ash concrete exposed to high temperatures. Constr Build Mater 98:875–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.001
Demirel B, Keleştemur O (2010) Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume. Fire Saf J 45:385–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.08.002
Yüksel S, Siddique R, Özkan Ö (2011) Influence of high temperature on the properties of concretes made with industrial by-products as fine aggregate replacement. Constr Build Mater 25:967–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.085
Arioz O (2007) Effects of elevated temperatures on properties of concrete. Fire Saf J 42:516–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.01.003
Guo YC, Zhang JH, Chen GM, Xie ZH (2014) Compressive behaviour of concrete structures incorporating recycled concrete aggregates, rubber crumb and reinforced with steel fibre, subjected to elevated temperatures. J Clean Prod 72:193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.036
Kodur V (2014) Properties of concrete at elevated temperatures. ISRN Civ Eng 2014:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/468510
Afshoon I, Sharifi Y (2020) Utilization of micro copper slag in SCC subjected to high temperature. J Build Eng 29:101128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101128
Khoury GA (1992) Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures: a reassessment. Mag Concr Res 44:291–309. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1992.44.161.291
Wang C, Chen X, Wei X, Wang R (2017) Can nanosilica sol prevent oil well cement from strength retrogression under high temperature? Constr Build Mater 144:574–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.221
Ma Q, Guo R, Zhao Z, Lin Z, He K (2015) Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature: a review. Constr Build Mater 93:371–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.131
Ismail MA, Bin Hashim H (2008) Palm oil fiber concrete, 3rd ACF Int. Conf.—ACF/VCA, pp 409–416. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed_Ismail55/publication/259674993_Palm_oil_fiber_concrete/links/546d8db90cf26e95bc3cb6a6.pdf&ei=PNxmVcf5F8PVuQTSnoC4B
Behnood A, Ghandehari M (2009) Comparison of compressive and splitting tensile strength of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene fibers heated to high temperatures. Fire Saf J 44:1015–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.07.001
Khaliq W, Kodur V (2011) Thermal and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced high performance self-consolidating concrete at elevated temperatures. Cem Concr Res 41:1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.06.012
Khoury GA (2008) Polypropylene fibres in heated concrete. Part 2: pressure relief mechanisms and modelling criteria. Mag Concr Res 60:189–204. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.00042
Acknowledgements
The authors expressed profound gratitude for the support received from Research Management Centre through the HiCOE grant, R.J130000.7822.4J222. Also, the Technical Staff at the Structure and Materials laboratory of the School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The financial supports received from the Federal Government of Nigeria via TETFund are well-appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical Statement
The authors declare that the research was carried out in compliance with ethical standards.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Aluko, O.G., Yatim, J.M., Kadir, M.A.A. et al. Experimental Investigation of Residual Physical and Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. Fire Technol 59, 949–982 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01373-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01373-z