Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Burning Behavior Analysis in Meso and Large-Scale Oil Slick Fires With and Without Waves Using Outdoor Gas Emission Sampling (OGES) System

  • Published:
Fire Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 22 May 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

A new Outdoor Gas Emission Sampling (OGES) system was developed to serve as a low-cost alternative to expensive industrial gas sampling equipment. This research showed its effectiveness in sampling a smoke plume from multiple points simultaneously, obtaining gas concentration curves for common products of combustion such as CO2 and CO in meso-scale experiments. The optimal height for combustion product sampling was determined based on a variety of factors, most notably CO/CO2 ratio, which showed to be most consistent when located in the intermittent and plume regime of the McCaffrey plume. Large-scale field tests at U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) demonstrated the potential of using OGES to evaluate the completeness of combustion for various fuels in a variety of settings. Oxygen Consumption (OC) and Carbon Dioxide Generation (CDG) methods in combination with plume theory results show the potential of using point sampling within a smoke plume to estimate HRR for fires that exceed the capabilities of conventional hood-based calorimeters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  1. Babrauskas V, Peacock RD (1992) Heat release rate: the single most important variable in fire hazard. Fire Saf J 18(3):255–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(92)90019-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tsuchiya Y (1982) Methods of determining heat release rate: state-of-the-art. Fire Saf J 5(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(82)90006-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Drysdale DD (2016) Thermochemistry. In: Hurley MJ, Gottuk DT, Hall JR et al (eds) SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering. Springer, New York, pp 138–150

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. ASTM E1354-16a (2016) Standard test method for heat and visible smoke release rates for materials and products using an oxygen consumption calorimeter. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA

  5. Janssens M, Parker WJ (1992) Oxygen consumption calorimetry. In: Babrauskas V, Grayson SJ (eds) Heat release in fires. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp 31–60

    Google Scholar 

  6. Huggett C (1980) Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurements. Fire Mater 4(2):61–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bryant R, Bundy M (2019) The NIST 20 MW calorimetry measurement system for large-fire research, Technical Note (NIST TN). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Khan MM, Tewarson A, Chaos M (2016) Combustion characteristics of materials and generation of fire products. In: Hurley MJ, Gottuk DT, Hall JR et al (eds) SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering. Springer, New York, pp 1143–1232

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Cooper LY (1994) Some factors affecting the design of a calorimeter hood and exhaust. J Fire Prot Eng 6(3):99–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/104239159400600301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Evans DD, Mulholland GW, Baum HR, Walton WD, McGrattan KB (2001) In situ burning of oil spills. J Res Nat Inst Stand Technol 106(1):231–278. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.106.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Heskestad G (1984) Engineering relations for fire plumes. Fire Saf J 7(1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(84)90005-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Tukaew P (2017) Outdoor Gas Emission Sampling system: a novel method for quantification of fires in outdoor conditions. MS Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

  13. Tukaew P, Arsava KS, Fields SL, Rangwala AS (2019) Outdoor Gas Emission Sampling system –performance during large scale fire tests in Mobile Alabama. In: Proceedings of the thirty-ninth AMOP =technical seminar on environmental contamination and response, Environment Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia

  14. Lizhong Y, Wenxing F, Junqi Y (2008) Experimental research on the spatial distribution of toxic gases in the transport of fire smoke. J Fire Sci 26(1):45–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904107083632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. McCaffrey BJ (1979) Purely buoyant diffusion flames: some experimental results. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC

    Book  Google Scholar 

  16. Sibulkin M, Malary SF (1984) Investigation of completeness of combustion in a wall fire. Combust Sci Technol 40(1–4):93–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208408923800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Aurell J, Gullett BK (2010) Aerostat sampling of PCDD/PCDF emissions from the Gulf oil spill in situ burns. Environ Sci Technol 44(24):9431–9437. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103554y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Aurell J, Gullett BK, Pressley C, Tabor DG, Gribble RD (2011) Aerostat-lofted instrument and sampling method for determination of emissions from open area sources. Chemosphere 85(5):806–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Aurell J, Gullett BK, Yamamoto D (2012) Emissions from open burning of simulated military waste from forward operating bases. Environ Sci Technol 46(20):11004–11012. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303131k

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hariharan SB, Farahani HF, Rangwala AS, Dowling JL, Oran ES, Gollner MJ (2021) Comparison of particulate-matter emissions from liquid-fueled pool fires and fire whirls. Combust Flame 227:483–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.12.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. McCaffrey BJ (1983) Momentum implications for buoyant diffusion flames. Combust Flame 52:149–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(83)90129-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Morton BR, Taylor GI, Turner JS (1956) Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A 234(1196):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1956.0011

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Aurell J, Gullett BK (2021) Analysis of emissions and residue from methods to improve combustion efficiency of in situ oil burns, heat transfer technology: Flame Refluxer. Final Report

  24. Rangwala AS, Raghavan V (2022) Mechanisms of fire: chemistry and physical aspects. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Brohez S (2005) Uncertainty analysis of heat release rate measurement from oxygen consumption calorimetry. Fire Mater 29(6):383–394. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Shi X, Bellino PW, Rangwala AS (2015) Flame heat feedback from crude oil fires in ice cavities. In: Proceedings of the thirty-ninth AMOP technical seminar on environmental contamination and response, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, pp 767–776

  27. Rangwala A, Arsava K, Sauer NG, Ho H, Nair S, Mahnken G, Kottalgi M (2021) Advancing the maturity of the flame refluxer technology. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. Report No.: 1104. Contract No.: 140E0118R0007

  28. Babrauskas V (2016) Heat Release Rates. In: Hurley MJ, Gottuk DT, Hall JR et al (eds) SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering. Springer, New York, pp 799–904

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. Babrauskas V (1983) Estimating large pool fire burning rates. Fire Technol 19(4):251–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02380810

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study is funded by the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, US Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., under Contract Number 140E0119C0001. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the BSEE, nor does mention of the trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fire Protection Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA

    Hsin-Hsiu Ho & Ali S. Rangwala

  2. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), US Army Corps of Engineers, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA

    Kemal S. Arsava

Authors
  1. Hsin-Hsiu Ho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kemal S. Arsava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali S. Rangwala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hsin-Hsiu Ho.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ho, HH., Arsava, K.S. & Rangwala, A.S. Burning Behavior Analysis in Meso and Large-Scale Oil Slick Fires With and Without Waves Using Outdoor Gas Emission Sampling (OGES) System. Fire Technol 58, 1963–1993 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-022-01234-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-022-01234-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation