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High-Performance and Low-Noise Front-End Electronics for GRAPES-3 Muon Telescope

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Abstract

Cosmic Ray Laboratory – TIFR, Ooty, India is operating the largest tracking muon telescope as a component of the GRAPES-3 (Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS at phase – 3) experiment. The basic building blocks of the telescope are proportional counters (PRCs), a large number of which are fabricated in-house for the planned expansion of the existing muon telescope to double its area and enhance the solid angle coverage from 2.3 sr to 3.7 sr as well as achieving higher sensitivity for studying space weather and atmospheric phenomena, cosmic ray composition, etc. The existing muon telescope consists of 3712 PRCs, and after the planned expansion which requires an additional 3776 PRCs, the area of the telescope will increase from the present 560 m\(^{2}\) to 1130 m\(^{2}\). Each of the PRCs will need to be individually equipped with front-end electronics for processing the output signals. The output pulses from PRCs are extremely feeble, and their charges are in the order of \(\sim \)100 pC. The tiny signal has to be isolated from potential sources of noise before its processing. High-performance, ultra-low noise, and cost-effective electronics are designed, developed, and mass-produced in-house for about 8000 channels of PRCs. The quality of data is improved significantly by interfacing the new electronics with PRCs of the existing muon telescope due to improved signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and the data acquisition is made effective as a result of multifold improvement achieved by avoiding undesired interruptions in the data.

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to D.B. Arjunan, A.S. Bosco, A. Chandra, G.P. Francis, V. Jeyakumar, S. Kingston, H. Kojima, N.K. Lokre, H. Mahapatra, A.A. Manjare, K. Manjunath, S. Misra, S.D. Morris, Y. Muraki, S. Murugapandian, S. Negi, T. Nonaka, S. Pandurangan, D. Pattanaik, B. Rajesh, P.S. Rakshe, K. Ramadass, B.S. Rao, R. Ravi, C. Ravindran, V. Santhoshkumar, S. Sathyaraj, M.S. Shareef, S. Shibata, C. Shobana, R. Sureshkumar, K. Tanaka, and J.S. Vargeese for their contribution in various areas of the experiment.

Funding

We acknowledge the support of the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India

    K. Ramesh, S. K. Gupta, B. Hariharan, P. Jagadeesan, A. Jain, P. K. Mohanty, P. K. Nayak, L. V. Reddy & M. Zuberi

  2. Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan

    Y. Hayashi & S. Kawakami

  3. College of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan

    A. Oshima

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  1. K. Ramesh
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Contributions

K. Ramesh – Design and development of electronics, experimenting, data acquisition, planning, mass-production, data validation, manuscript preparation. S.K. Gupta – Project supervision and guidance, facilitating resources, mass-production, advised manuscript preparation. B. Hariharan – CERN-ROOT based framework and programming, comments and suggestions for the improvement of manuscript preparation, proofreading. Y. Hayashi – Technical discussions, data monitoring, data validation. P. Jagadeesan – Data acquisition, monitoring. A. Jain – Data validation, discussions. S. Kawakami – Guidance. P.K. Mohanty – CERN-ROOT based framework and programming. P. K. Nayak – Technical discussions. A. Oshima – Data validation, technical feedback. L.V. Reddy – Data monitoring, suggestions in troubleshooting. M. Zuberi – CERN-ROOT based framework and programming.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Ramesh.

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Ramesh, K., Gupta, S.K., Hariharan, B. et al. High-Performance and Low-Noise Front-End Electronics for GRAPES-3 Muon Telescope. Exp Astron 56, 31–47 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-023-09898-5

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