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Voyage through the hidden physics of the cosmic web

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Abstract

The majority of the ordinary matter in the local Universe has been heated by strong structure formation shocks and resides in a largely unexplored hot, diffuse, X-ray emitting plasma that permeates the halos of galaxies, galaxy groups and clusters, and the cosmic web. We propose a next-generation “Cosmic Web Explorer” that will permit a complete and exhaustive understanding of these unseen baryons. This will be the first mission capable to reach the accretion shocks located several times farther than the virial radii of galaxy clusters, and reveal the out-of-equilibrium parts of the intra-cluster medium which are live witnesses to the physics of cosmic accretion. It will also enable a view of the thermodynamics, kinematics, and chemical composition of the circumgalactic medium in galaxies with masses similar to the Milky Way, at the same level of detail that Athena will unravel for the virialized regions of massive galaxy clusters, delivering a transformative understanding of the evolution of those galaxies in which most of the stars and metals in the Universe were formed. Finally, the proposed X-ray satellite will connect the dots of the large-scale structure by mapping, at high spectral resolution, as much as 100% of the diffuse gas hotter than 106 K that fills the filaments of the cosmic web at low redshifts, down to an over-density of 1, both in emission and in absorption against the ubiquitous cosmic X-ray background, surveying at least 1600 square degrees over 5 years in orbit. This requires a large effective area (\(\sim \)10 m2 at 1 keV) over a large field of view (\(\sim 1\) deg2), a megapixel cryogenic microcalorimeter array providing integral field spectroscopy with a resolving power E/ΔE = 2000 at 0.6 keV and a spatial resolution of 5\(^{\prime \prime }\) in the soft X-ray band, and a low and stable instrumental background ensuring high sensitivity to faint, extended emission.

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Notes

  1. the radius within which the mean enclosed density is 200 times the critical density at the redshift of the cluster.

  2. https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sas/xrism/

  3. https://www.the-athena-x-ray-observatory.eu/

  4. Observations of 1 Ms can probe OVIII emission down to a limiting flux of 6 × 10− 12 photons/s/cm2/arcmin2.

  5. http://hubs.phys.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/

  6. https://www.desi.lbl.gov

  7. https://www.euclid-ec.org/

  8. https://www.lsst.org/

  9. http://spherex.caltech.edu/index.html

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Acknowledgements

We thank F. Nicastro, J.S. Kaastra, G. M. Voit, M. Donahue, J. Green, W. Cui, N. Hatch, D. Fielding, J. Sayers, J. P. Breuer, L. di Mascolo, F. Mernier and J. Croston, in no particular order, for fruitful discussions and support towards preparing this manuscript. A.S. gratefully acknowledges support by the Women In Science Excel (WISE) programme of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). S.E., M.R. and F.G. acknowledge financial contribution from the contracts ASI-INAF Athena 2015-046-R.0, ASI-INAF Athena 2019-27-HH.0, “Attività di Studio per la comunità scientifica di Astrofisica delle Alte Energie e Fisica Astroparticellare” (Accordo Attuativo ASI-INAF n. 2017-14-H.0), and from INAF “Call per interventi aggiuntivi a sostegno della ricerca di main stream di INAF”. D.N. acknowledges Yale University for granting a triennial leave and the Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik for hospitality. GWP acknowledges support from the French space agency, CNES. B.M. acknowledges support from the UK STFC under grants ST/R00109X/1, ST/R000794/1, and ST/T000295/1. F.V. acknowledges financial support from the ERC Starting Grant “MAGCOW”, no. 714196, the usage of Piz Daint supercomputer at CSCS-ETHZ (Lugano, Switzerland) under project s805, and the usage of online storage tools kindly provided by the INAF Astronomical Archive (IA2) initiative (http://www.ia2.inaf.it). VB acknowledges support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) project nr. 415510302.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584, CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Aurora Simionescu, Hiroki Akamatsu, Jelle de Plaa & Jan-Willem den Herder

  2. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Aurora Simionescu, Nastasha Wijers & Joop Schaye

  3. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8583, Japan

    Aurora Simionescu

  4. INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via Pietro Gobetti 93/3, 40129, Bologna, Italy

    Stefano Ettori

  5. INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, I-40127, Bologna, Italy

    Stefano Ettori

  6. Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic

    Norbert Werner

  7. Department of Physics, Yale University, PO Box 208101, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA

    Daisuke Nagai

  8. Department of Astronomy, Yale University, PO Box 208101, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA

    Daisuke Nagai

  9. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 92/3, 40121, Bologna, Italy

    Franco Vazza

  10. INAF - IASF Palermo, Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146, Palermo, Italy

    Ciro Pinto

  11. Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741, Garching, Germany

    Dylan Nelson

  12. IRAP, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

    Etienne Pointecouteau

  13. AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Gabriel W. Pratt

  14. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via Bianchi 46, 23087, Merate (LC), Italy

    Daniele Spiga & Giovanni Pareschi

  15. Cosine measurement systems, Oosteinde 36, 2361, HE, Warmond, The Netherlands

    Giuseppe Vacanti

  16. Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA

    Erwin Lau

  17. INAF-IASF Milano, via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy

    Mariachiara Rossetti, Fabio Gastaldello & Maximilien J. Collon

  18. Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, LMU Munich, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679, München, Germany

    Veronica Biffi

  19. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, 02138,, USA

    Veronica Biffi

  20. Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse 1, D-85748, Garching bei München, Germany

    Esra Bulbul

  21. Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland

    Dominique Eckert

  22. Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Filippo Fraternali & Gabriele Pezzulli

  23. School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK

    Beatriz Mingo

  24. Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland

    Gabriele Pezzulli

  25. Argelander Institute for Astronomy, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas H. Reiprich

  26. Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive NW, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA

    Stephen A. Walker

  27. Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Jessica Werk

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Simionescu, A., Ettori, S., Werner, N. et al. Voyage through the hidden physics of the cosmic web. Exp Astron 51, 1043–1079 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-021-09720-0

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