Abstract
The JEM-EUSO (Extreme Universe Space Observatory on-board the Japanese Experiment Module) mission will conduct extensive air shower (EAS) observations on the International Space Station (ISS). Following the ISS orbit, JEM-EUSO will experience continuous changes in the atmospheric conditions, including cloud presence. The influence of clouds on space-based observation is, therefore, an important topic to investigate from both EAS property and cloud climatology points of view. In the present work, the impact of clouds on the apparent profile of EAS is demonstrated through the simulation studies, taking into account the JEM-EUSO instrument and properties of the clouds. These results show a dependence on the cloud-top altitude and optical depth of the cloud. The analyses of satellite measurements on the cloud distribution indicate that more than 60 % of the cases allow for conventional EAS observation, and an additional ∼20 % with reduced quality. The combination of the relevant factors results in an effective trigger aperture of EAS observation ∼72 %, compared to the one in the clear atmosphere condition.
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Notes
Hereafter, Earth’s surface is referred to as the assumed Earth’s ellipsoid model and the altitude is measured from this level.
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Acknowledgments
The present work has been supported in part by the European Space Agency Topical Team activities; for German consortium by Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; the Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, and for Spanish consortium by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under projects AYA2009-06037-E/ESP, AYA-ESP 2010-19082, AYA2011-29489-C03-01, AYA2012-39115-C03-01 and CSD2009-00064 (Consolider MULTIDARK) and Comunidad de Madrid under project S2009/ ESP-1496. CALIPSO data used in the present work were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center. The authors wish to thank anonymous reviewers for valuable comments to improve the manuscript.
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The JEM-EUSO Collaboration., Adams, J.H., Ahmad, S. et al. The JEM-EUSO observation in cloudy conditions. Exp Astron 40, 135–152 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-014-9377-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-014-9377-2