Abstract
The ball-gall fly Eurosta solidaginis is considered a classic example of host-race formation in herbivorous insects, with host-associated races evolving at least twice, including the well-known pair on Solidago altissima and S. gigantea. Yet E. solidaginis has been occasionally observed galling other Solidago species. Here, we explore the origins of E. solidaginis on Solidago rugosa. We hypothesize that flies associated with S. rugosa are derived from the S. altissima host-race, and ask whether S. rugosa-associated flies have initiated host-race formation. We compared genetic variation among seventeen E. solidaginis populations collected from S. rugosa, S. altissima, and S. gigantea, in an adjacent COI/COII region of the mitochondrial genome. Across the study area, E. solidaginis flies from S. rugosa were as diverged from S. altissima-flies as they were from S. gigantea-flies (pairwise ΦPT 0.075 and 0.78 respectively) but S. altissima and S. gigantea-flies appeared considerably less diverged (0.002). This pattern was driven by the majority of flies, regardless of host-plant, sharing the same haplotype across the study area. However, we detected several site/region-specific haplotypes, not shared among host species. At the local site scale we were able to distinguish S. gigantea-associated fly haplotypes from either S. altissima or S. rugosa haplotypes, but the majority of S. altissima and S. rugosa-flies shared the same haplotype locally. These patterns of haplotype diversity support existing evidence of host-associated divergence in S. altissima- and S. gigantea-associated flies, and suggest that S. rugosa flies are either the same host-race as, or are recently derived from, S. altissima flies. Successful development on S. rugosa and the use of S. rugosa in the absence of use on sympatric S. altissima suggests that E. solidaginis either has a single oligophagous race using both S. altissima and S. rugosa or is in the earliest stages of host-associated differentiation.
Notes
Host race or host-associated race: “a population of a species that is partially reproductively isolated from other conspecific populations as a direct consequence of adaptation to a specific host” (Diehl and Bush 1984).
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. Clark, M. Giasson, L. Harrington, J.H. Kim, J. Mlynarek, and Y. Schibel for field and/or lab assistance; J. Addison and S. Jordan for use of equipment; T. Einfeldt, R. Malefant, and S. Jordan for assistance with analyses; and L. Jesson and D. Quiring for useful suggestions on the manuscript.
Funding
Funding was provided by Bucknell University’s David Burpee Plant Genetics endowment and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada) via Discovery Grants to SBH and a Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship to CEM.
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Moffat, C.E., Takahashi, M.K., Pease, S.L. et al. Are Eurosta solidaginis on Solidago rugosa a divergent host-associated race?. Evol Ecol 33, 369–384 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-018-9966-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-018-9966-z