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Contrasting post-settlement selection results in many-to-one mapping of high performance phenotypes in the Hawaiian waterfall-climbing goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni

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Abstract

Natural selection drives adaptive evolution, but contrasting environmental pressures may lead to trade-offs between phenotypes that confer different performances. Such trade-offs may weaken the strength of selection and/or generate complex fitness surfaces with multiple local optima that correspond to different selection regimes. We evaluated how differences in patterns of phenotypic selection might promote morphological differences between subpopulations of the amphidromous Hawaiian waterfall-climbing goby, Sicyopterus stimpsoni. We conducted laboratory experiments on fish from the islands of Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i (the “Big Island”) to compare patterns of linear and nonlinear selection, and the opportunity for selection, that result from two contrasting pressures, predator evasion and waterfall climbing, which vary in intensity between islands. We found directional and nonlinear selection were strongest when individuals were exposed to their primary selective pressures (predator evasion on Kaua‘i, waterfall climbing on the Big Island). However, the opportunity for selection was greater for the non-primary pressure: climbing on Kaua‘i, predator evasion on the Big Island. Canonical rotation of the nonlinear gamma matrix demonstrated that individuals from Kaua‘i and the Big Island occupy regions near their local fitness peaks for some traits. Therefore, selection for predator evasion on Kaua‘i and climbing on the Big Island may be less effective in promoting morphological changes in this species, because variation of functionally important traits in their respective environments may have been reduced by directional or stabilizing selection. These results demonstrate that despite constraints on the opportunities for selection, population differences in phenotypic traits can arise due to differences in selective regimes. For S. stimpsoni, sufficient variation exists in other locomotor traits, allowing for necessary levels of performance in the contrasting selective regime (i.e., climbing on Kaua‘i and predator evasion on the Big Island) through many-to-one-mapping, which may be essential for the survival of local populations in an evanescent island environment.

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Fig. 1

Adapted from Moody et al. (2015)

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the Hawai‘i Division of Aquatic Resources, especially Bob Nishimoto, Kim Peyton, Lance Nishiura, Wade Ishikawa, Troy Sakihara, Troy Shimoda, Tim Shindo, Darrel Kuamo’o, and Alysha Cabral for logistical support during field experiments. We thank Takashi Maie for assistance with collection and field experiments. We also thank Rose Curry and Caitlin McPherson for assistance with collecting fish morphometrics.

Funding

Primary funding was provided through National Science Foundation Grants (IOS-0817911 and IOS-0817794). Additional funding was provided by the Women’s National Farm and Garden Association Tyson Memorial Fellowship to S.K. A portion of this work was conducted while S. K. was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, an Institute sponsored by the National Science Foundation through NSF Award #DBI-1300426, with additional support from The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The ByWater Institute, Tulane University, 627 Lindy Boggs Center, 6823 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA

    Kristine N. Moody

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA

    Kristine N. Moody, Sandy M. Kawano, Richard W. Blob & Margaret B. Ptacek

  3. National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, 1122 Volunteer Blvd., Suite 106, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Sandy M. Kawano

  4. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, O-110 Martin Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA

    William C. Bridges

  5. Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Ave S, WSB-273, St. Cloud, MN, 56301, USA

    Heiko L. Schoenfuss

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  2. Sandy M. Kawano
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Correspondence to Kristine N. Moody.

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K. N. Moody and S. M. Kawano shared co-first authorship.

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Moody, K.N., Kawano, S.M., Bridges, W.C. et al. Contrasting post-settlement selection results in many-to-one mapping of high performance phenotypes in the Hawaiian waterfall-climbing goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni . Evol Ecol 31, 489–516 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-017-9889-0

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