Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inheritance of foliar resistance to Phytophthora species in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): can it be influenced by CSSV infection?

  • Published:
Euphytica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Studies on quantitative genetics of foliar resistance to black pod disease in cacao could inadvertently use cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) infected leaves which could bias the results especially in West Africa where the virus is prevalent. However, effects of CSSV on inheritance and heritability of foliar resistance to Phytophthora species is not known. Choice of an efficient breeding method requires an accurate estimation of genetic effects in selection schemes for foliar resistance to Phytophthora species in cacao. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CSSV infection on quantitative genetic parameters of foliar resistance to cocoa black pod disease in a population of 36 F1 hybrids developed by mating six cacao genotypes using a diallel method. The generated F1s and their parents were evaluated for foliar resistance to P. palmivora and P. megakarya using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. 1A CSSV and Nsaba CSSV strains were used to infect the cacao genotypes using the patch graft method. The parents chosen showed significant variations for scores of leaf discs after inoculation with P. palmivora and P. megakarya. The leaf disc scores of CSSV infected crosses were lower than leaf disc scores of CSSV-free crosses. Genetic component analysis showed that the effects of GCA and SCA was significant for both CSSV-free and CSSV-infected crosses in resistance to P. palmivora and P. megakarya. The significant GCA and SCA for both CSSV-free and CSSV-infected crosses strongly suggest that both additive and non-additive genetic effects play an important role in the determination of inheritance of foliar resistance to Phytophthora species in cacao. There was significant variability in mean squares of GCA and SCA of CSSV-free and CSSV-infected crosses indicating that CSSV infection modifies GCA and SCA of affected plants. Narrow sense heritability was relatively low (0.31) for foliar resistance to P. palmivora and P. megakarya under CSSV-free and 1A CSSV strain infected conditions. However, heritability for foliar resistance to P. palmivora (0.43) and P. megakarya (0.36) was significantly higher under Nsaba CSSV infected condition. The modifications of mean squares of GCA and SCA and narrow sense heritability due to CSSV infection could mislead in choice of breeding methods indicating that attention must be paid to the infection status of plants when conducting quantitative genetics studies using diseased and healthy plants. CSSV status of leaf samples should be known before using them in leaf disc test. Genotypes Pa7/808 and Pound 7 had high negative GCA effects and are promising parents for enhancement of resistance to black pod disease in cacao.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adomako B (2006) Combining ability analysis of black pod disease incidence in cocoa genotypes in Ghana. Trop Sci 46(4):201–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adomako B (2007) Causes and extent of yield losses in cocoa progenies. Trop Sci 47(1):22–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akrofi AY, Appiah AA, Opoku IY (2003) Management of Phytophthora pod rot disease on cocoa farms in Ghana. Crop Prot 22:469–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker RJ (1978) Issues in diallel analysis. Crop Sci 18:533–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass H, Nagar S, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Robertson D (2000) Chromosome condensation induced by geminivirus infection of mature plant cells. J Cell Sci 113:149–1160

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckman CH (2000) Phenolic-storing cells: keys to programmed cell death and periderm formation inwilt disease resistance and in general defence responses in plants? Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 57:101–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaha G, Latodé R (1997) Contribution a la connaissance des modalities de transmission hereditaire de la resistance de cacaoyer a la pourriture brune des fruits an Cameroon. Café Cacao 21:179–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Blount JW, Dixon RA, Paiva NL (1992) Stress responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) XVI. Antifungal activity of medicarpin and its biosynthetic precursors; implications for the geneticmanipulation of stress metabolites. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 41:333–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyko A, Palak K, Zemp FJ, Yao Y, Pogribny I, Kovalchuk I (2007) Transgenerational changes in the genome stability and methylation in pathogen-infected plants (virus-induced plant genome instability). Nucleic Acids Res 35:1714–1725

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burdun A, Panarin I, Zabavina E (1984) Recombination in wheat induced by barley stripe mosaic virus. Selekcia i semenovodstvo 2:15–18 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cilas C, Despréaux D (eds) (2004) Improvemant of cocoa tree resistance to Phytophthora diseases. Collection Reperes, CIRAD, Montpellier. Dominican Republic, 17–23 May 1987. Cocoa Producers’ Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. p 413-419

  • Dellaporta S, Chomet R, Mottinger J, Wood J, Yu S, Hicks J (1984) Endogenous transposable elements associated with virus infection in maize. CSHSQB 49:321–328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djocgoue PF, Boudjeko T, Mbouobda HD, Nankeu DJ, El Hadrami I, Omokolo ND (2007) Heritability of phenols in the resistance of Theobroma cacao against Phytophthora megakarya, the causal agent of black pod disease. J Phytopathol 155:519–525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domfeh O, Dzahini-Obiatey H, Ameyaw GA, Abaka-Ewusie K, Opoku G (2011) Cocoa swollen shoot virus disease situation in Ghana: a review of current trends. Afr J Agric Res 6(22):5033–5039

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley JW, Moll RH (1969) Interpretation and use of estimates of heritability and genetic variances in plant breeding. Crop Sci 9(3):257–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dzahini-Obiatey H, Akumfi Ameyaw G, Ollennu LA (2006) Control of cocoa swollen shoot disease by eradicating infected trees in Ghana: a survey of treated and replanted areas. Crop Prot 25(2006):647–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dzahini-Obiatey H, Domfeh O, Amoah FM (2010) Over seventy years of a viral disease of cocoa in Ghana: from researchers’ perspective. Afr J Agric Res 5(7):476–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghana Cocoa Board (2012) Cocoa annual report. Global Agricultural Information Network Publications, Accra

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffing B (1956) Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Aust J Biol Sci 9:463–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayman BI (1954) The theory and analysis of diallel crosses. Genetics 39:789–809

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda K, Nakayashiki H, Takagi M, Tosa Y, Mayama S (2001) Heat shock, copper sulfate and oxidative stress activate the retrotransposon MAGGY resident in the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. MGG 266:318–325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwaro AD, Screenivasan TN, Umaharan P (1997) Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in Theobroma cacao. Plant Dis 81(6):619–624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwaro AD, Umaharan P, Screenivasan TN (1999) Inheritance of foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Euphytica 96:377–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwaro AD, Thevenin JM, Butler DR, Eskes AB (2005) Usefulness of the detached pod test for assessment of cacao resistance to Phytophthora pod rot. Eur J Plant Pathol 113:173–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jinks JL (1955) A survey of the genetical basis of heterosis in a variety of diallel crosses. Heredity 9:223–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johns M, Mottinger J, Freeling M (1985) A low copy number, copia-like transposon in maize. EMBO J 4:1093–1102

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalendar R, Tanskanen J, Immonen S, Nevo E, Schulman A (2000) Genome evolution of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) by BARE- 1 retrotransposon dynamics in response to sharp microclimatic divergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6603–6607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kearsey MJ, Pooni HS (1996) The genetical analysis of quantitative traits, vol 2. Chapman and Hall, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kornegay JL, Temple SR (1986) Inheritance and combining ability of leaf hopper defense mechanism in common bean. Crop Sci 26:1152–1158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madlung A, Comai L (2004) The effect of stress on genome regulation and structure. Ann Bot 94:481–495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manu DK (2006) Biochemical studies of resistance levels of cocoa varieties at Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Tafo-Akim to Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus. M. Phil. Thesis, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

  • Mock R, Stokes I, Gillaspie A (1985) Effect of sugarcane mosaic virus infection in parental stock on panicle and seed production of virus-free F2 progeny in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Plant Dis 69:310–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagar S, Pedersen T, Carrick K, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Robertson D (1995) A geminivirus induces expression of a host DNA synthesis protein in terminally differentiated plant cells. Plant Cell 76:705–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagar S, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Robertson D (2002) Host DNA replication is induced by geminivirus infection of differentiated plant cells. Plant Cell 14:2995–3007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nyadanu D, Assuah MK, Adomako B, Asiama Yaw Opoku, Opoku IY, Adu-Ampomah Y (2009) Efficacy of screening methods used in breeding for black pod disease resistance varieties in cocoa. Afr Crop Sci J 17(4):175–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyadanu D, Akromah R, Adomako B, Kwoseh C, Lowor ST, Dzahini-Obiatey H, Akrofi AY, Assuah MK (2012a) Inheritance and general combining ability studies of detached pod, leaf disc and natural field resistance to Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Euphytica 2012(188):253–264. doi:10.1007/s10681-012-0717-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyadanu D, Akromah R, Adomako B, Awuah RT, Kwoseh C, Dzahini-Obiatey H, Lowor ST, Akrofi AY, Assuah MK (2012b) Effects of cocoa swollen shoot virus infection on foliar resistance to P. palmivora and P. megakarya and its implications in selection and breeding against black pod disease. Int J Plant Pathol 3(2):45–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyasse S, Cilas C, Herail C, Blaha G (1995) Leaf inoculation as an early screening test for cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) resistance to Phytophthora black pod disease. Crop Prot 14:657–663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyasse S, Despreau D, Cilas C (2002) Validity of a leaf inoculation test to assess the resistance to Phytophthora megakarya in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) diallel mating design. Euphytica 123:395–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okey EN, Duncan EJ, Sirju-Charran G, Screenivasan TN (1996) Factors affecting the susceptibility of six cocoa clones to Phytophthora palmivora (Butl) Butler bark canker in Trinidad. Plant Pathol 45:84–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ollennu LA, Owusu GK, Thresh JM (1989) Spread of cocoa swollen shoot virus to recent plantings in Ghana. Crop Prot 8:251–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omokolo ND, Boudjeko T (2005) Comparative analyses of alteration in carbohydrates, amino acids, phenols and lignin in roots of three cultivars of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (macabo) infected by Pythium myriotylum. S Afr J Botany 71:432–440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opoku IY (2004). Field and laboratory characterization of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya in Ghana. Technical Bulletin No. 15, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana

  • Opoku IY, Appiah AA, Akrofi AY, Owusu GK (2000) Phytophthora megakarya: a potential threat to the cocoa industry in Ghana? Ghana J Agric Sci 33:237–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Opoku IY, Assuah MK, Domfeh O (2007) Manual for the identification and control of diseases of cocoa. Tech Bull 16:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Posnette AA (1940) Transmission of swollens shoot disease of cacao. Trop Agric 17:98

    Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2013). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http://www.R-project.org/

  • Sarrafi A, Ecochard R (1985) Analyse de croisementes dialleles pour les caracteres agronomiques de plantes saines et virosees chez le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris). Can J Genet Cytol 27:233–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RK, Chaudhary BD (1996) Biometrical methods in quantitative genetic analysis. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, pp 55–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes I, Mock R, Gillaspie A (1988) Influence of sugarcane mosaic virus on segregation for two seedling characteristics in Sorghum. Crop Sci 28:443–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tahi GM (2003) Evaluation sur Feuilles de Cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) de la Resistance a Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler, Agent de la Pourriture Brune des Cabosses: Influence de Certains Facteus et Etude de l’Heritabilite du caractere. Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: Universite de Cocody, Ph.D Thesis

  • Tahi M, Kebe I, Eskes AB, Ouattara S, Sangare A, Mondeil F (2000) Rapid screening of cacao genotypes for field resistance to Phytophthora palmivora using leaves, twigs and roots. Eur J Plant Pathol 106(1):87–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tahi GM, Kebe BI, N’Goran JAK, Sangare A, Mondeil F, Cilas C, Eskes AB (2006) Expected selection efficiency for resistance to cacao pod rot (Phytophthora palmivora) comparing leaf disc inoculations with field observations. Euphytica 149:35–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan GY, Tan WK (1990) Additive inheritance of resistance to pod rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora in cocoa. Theor Appl Genet 80:258–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tondjé PR, Bakala J, Partiot M, Mouen Bedimo JA (1998) Essai de mise au point d’un test de vis de Phytophthora sp. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Cocoa Research Conference, Santo Domingo

  • Treutter D (2005) Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Plant Biol 7:581–591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Financial support provided by Ghana Cocoa Growing Research Association (GCGRA), UK, during this research at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana is highly appreciated. Technical support provided by Madam Mercy Ofori and Mr Mawuli Adoblanui of Plant Pathology Division is highly acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P.O. Box 8, Akim Tafo, Ghana

    D. Nyadanu, B. Adomako, S. T. Lowor, A. Ofori, H. Dzahini-Obiatey & A. Y. Akrofi

  2. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

    D. Nyadanu, R. Akromah, R. T. Awuah, C. Kwoseh, R. Adu Amoah, K. A. Manigben & P. Attamah

Authors
  1. D. Nyadanu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Akromah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. Adomako
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. T. Awuah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. C. Kwoseh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. T. Lowor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. A. Ofori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. H. Dzahini-Obiatey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A. Y. Akrofi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. R. Adu Amoah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. K. A. Manigben
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. P. Attamah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Nyadanu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nyadanu, D., Akromah, R., Adomako, B. et al. Inheritance of foliar resistance to Phytophthora species in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): can it be influenced by CSSV infection?. Euphytica 213, 151 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1947-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1947-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation