Abstract
Strikingly, theorizing about digital technologies has led us to recognize many habitual subjects of research as figures against fields that are also worthy of study. Communication, for example, becomes visible only against the field of silence. Silence is critically important for the construction of reality – and the social construction of reality has a complement, the also necessary contemplative construction of reality. Silence is so sensitive and fragile that an inability to achieve it, or to get rid of it, or to correct the wrong kind of silence often provides early indicators of individual, group, communal, and society-wide stresses from information technologies. Indeed, we might treat difficulties with silence as miners treated canaries in coal mines, as early warning signals. The story has already been told that nightingales in London now have to sing so loudly in order to be heard above the ambient noise that the birds are in danger of breaking the noise ordinance law. Surely something has gone awry if nightingales break the law when they sing. Finding ways to protect silence as an arena of personal and social choice is a particularly poignant, evocative, and instructive ethical and policy horizon at this frontier moment for the human species. This article introduces the theory of the contemplative construction of reality, explores what the study of silence tells us about reality construction processes, and outlines a research agenda.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
J.A. Arlow 1961 Silence and the Theory of Technique. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 9:44–55
J.A. Astin 2004 Mind-Body Therapies for the Management of Pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 20(1), 27–32
Jean Baudrillard. The Transparency of Evil: Essays on Extreme Phenomena, translated by James Benedict. Verso, New York, 1993.
Jean Baudrillard, Simulations. Semiotext(e), New York, 1983
Ulrich Beck 1992 Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Sage Publications, London
Peter L. Berger, Thomas Luckmann 1966 The Social Construction of Reality. Doubleday, New York
Ingemar Bohlin 2004 Communication Regimes in Competition: The Current Transition in Scholarly Communication Seen Through the Lens of the Sociology of Technology. Social Studies of Science, 34(3), 365–392
I. Bohnet, B.S. Frey 1999 The Sound of Silence in Prisoner’s Dilemma and Dictator Games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 38(1), 43–57
Julie A. Bokser 2006 Sor Juana’s Rhetoric of Silence. Rhetoric Review, 25(1), 5–21
Geoffrey C. Bowker 1994 Science on the Run: Information Management and Industrial Geophysics at Schlumberger, 1920–1940. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Sandra Braman 1976 The One Verse City. Wolf Run Books, Eugene, OR
Sandra Braman 1994 The Autopoietic State: Communication and Democratic Potential in the Net. Journal of the American Society of Information Science, 45(6), 358–368
T. Bruneau 1973 Communicative Silences: Forms and Functions. Journal of Communication, 23(1), 17–46
T. Bruneau 1985 Silencing and Stilling Processes: The Creative and Temporal Bases of Signs. Semiotica, 56, 279–290
Thomas J. Bruneau, Satoshi Ishii 1988 Communicative Silences: East and West. World Communication, 17(1), 1–33
Craig Calhoun. Indirect Relationships and Imagined Communities: Large-Scale Social Integration and the Transformation of Everyday Life. In Pierre Bourdieu and James S. Coleman, editors, Social Theory for a Changing Society, pp. 95–120. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1991
Joseph N. Capella, Sally Planalp 1981 Talk and Silence Sequences in Informal Conversations III: Interspeaker Influences. Human Communication Research, 7(2), 117–132
Donal Carbaugh, Michael Berry, Marjatta Nurmikari-Berry 2006 Coding Personhood Through Cultural Terms and Practices. Journal of Language & Social Psychology, 25(3), 203–220
James W. Carey 1989 Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. Unwin Hyman, Boston, MA
S. Robert Carter III 2002 The Sound of Silence: Why, How the FCC Should Permit Private Property Owners to Jam Cellphones. Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal, 28, 343–382
Barbara Cassin 2005 Time of Deliberation and Space of Power: Athens and Rome, the First Conflict. Javnost: The Public, 12(4), 39–44
Saviour Catania 2006 Wailing Woodwind Wild: The Noh Transcription of Shakespeare’s Silent Sounds in Kurosawa’s Ran. Literature Film Quarterly, 34(2), 85–92
Briankle Chang 1993 Deconstructing Communication: Representation, Subject, and Economies of Exchange. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
George Horton Cooley 1909 Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. Scribner, New York
Janet Cotterill. ‹You do not have to say anything ...’: Instructing the Jury on the Defendant’s Right to Silence in the English Criminal Justice System. Multilingua, 24(1–2): 7–24, 2005
Robin Cowan, Paul A. David, Dominique Foray 2000 The Explicit Economics of Knowledge Codification and Tacitness, Industrial and Corporate Change, 9(2), 211–253
Vincent Crapanzo 2004 Imaginative Horizons: An Essay in Literary-philosophical Anthropology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Lyall Crawford 1996 Everyday Tao: Conversation and Contemplation. Communication Studies, 47(1/2), 25–35
Cynthia L. Crown and Stanley Feldstein. Psychological Correlates of Silence and Sound in Conversational Interaction. In Deborah Tannen and Muriel Saville-Troike, editors, Perspectives on Silence, pp. 31–54. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ, 1985
François Dagognet 1992 Etienne-Jules Marey: A Passion for the Trace. Zone Books, New York
Manuel De Landa 1991 War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. Zone, New York
Michael X. Delli Carpini, Bruce A. Williams 1994 Methods, Metaphors, and Media Research: The Uses of Television in Political Conversation. Communication Research 21(6), 782–812
Joseph A. DeVito, Human Communication: The Basic Course, ninth edition. Allyn & Bacon/Longman, 2002
John Dewey 1916 Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Macmillan, New York
Anind K. Dey, Peter Ljungstrand and Albrecht Schmidt. Distributed and Disappearing User Interfaces in Ubiquitous Computing. In Marilyn Tremaine, editor, CHI ’01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 487–488. ACM Press, New York, 2001
Ioanna Dimitracopoulou 2006 Conversational Competence and Social Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein 1979 The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Anthony Enns 2005 Voices of the Dead: Transmission/Translation/Transgression. Culture, Theory & Critique, 46(1), 11–27
E. Martin Estrada 2005 Criminalizing Silence: Hiibel and the Continuing Expansion of the Terry Doctrine. Saint Louis University Law Journal, 49, 279–317
Shoshana Felman, Dori Laub 1992 Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. Routledge, New York
Susan Rogers Finneran 1995 Knowing Silence of Nonentrepreneurial Information is not Sporting. Albany Law Review, 59, 511–598
Gerhard Fischer, Elisa Giaccardi 2004 Meta-Design: A Framework for the Future of End-User Development. In: H. Lieberman, F. Paterno, V. Wulf (eds) End User Development: Empowering People to Flexibly Employ Advanced Information and Communication Technology, pages 33–37. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Theodore L. Glasser 1991 Communication and the Cultivation of Citizenship. Communication, 12(4), 235–248
C.J. Glynn, J.M. McLeod 1984 Implications of the Spiral of Silence Theory for Communication and Public Opinion Research. In Keith R. Sanders, Lynda L. Kaid, David Nimmo (eds) Political Communication Yearbook, pp. 43–64. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL
Greg Hainge 2005 No(i)stalgia: On the Impossibility of Recognizing Noise in the Present. Culture, Theory & Critique, 46(1), 1–10
Lars Hallnäs, J. Redström 2000 Slow Technology: Designing for Reflection. Journal of Personal and Ubiquitous Computing. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Lars Hallnäs, Patricija Jaksetic, Peter Ljungstrand, Johan Reström and Tobias Skog. Expressions: Towards a Design Practice of Slow Technology. In Proceedings of Interact 2001, IFIP TC.13 Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, July 9–13, Tokyo, Japan, 2001
Rebecca Hansson, Peter Ljungstrand, Johan Redstråm 2001 Subtle and Public Notification Cues for Mobile Devices. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2201, 240
Tim Hayward, Judith Preston 1999 Chaos Theory, Economics and Information: The Implications for Strategic Decision-Making. Journal of Information Science, 25(3), 173–182
Lorna Heaton 1998 Talking Heads vs Virtual Workspaces: A Comparison of Design Across Cultures. Journal of Information Technology, 13, 259–272
Daniel Heller-Roazen 2005 Echolalias: On the Forgetting of Language. Zone Books, New York
Julie A. Herrmann 2006 Communicating in Silence: The Benedictine Roots of Deaf Education. Journal of Communication & Religion, 29(1), 163–177
Jeremy Howells 1996 Tacit Knowledge, Innovation and Technology Transfer. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(2), 91–106
Satoshi Ishii 2004 Proposing a Buddhist Consciousness-Only Epistemological Model for Intrapersonal Communication Research. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 33(1/2), 63–76
James A. Jaksa, Ernest L. Stech 1978 Communication to Enhance Silence: The Trappist Experience. Journal of Communication, 28(1), 14–18
Adam Jaworski 1992 The Power of Silence: Social and Pragmatic Perspectives. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
Adam Jaworski, Richard Fitzgerald, Odysseas Constantinous 2005 Busy Saying Nothing New: Live Silence in TV Reporting of 9/11. Multilingua, 24(1–2), 121–144
Richard L. Johannesen 1974 The Function of Silence: A Plea for Communication Research. Western Journal of Speech, 38(1), 25–35
Michael Joyce 1995 Of Two Minds: Hypertext Pedagogy and Poetics. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Brian Kahin 2004 Codification in Context. In Sandra Braman (ed) The Emergent Global Information Policy Regime pp. 39–61. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndsmills, UK
James Ryan Kelly 2006 Is Silence Golden? Not After Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada. Saint Louis University Public Law Review, 25, 155–182
M. Khan. Silence as Communication. In The Privacy of the Self, pp. 168–180. International Universities Press, New York, 1974
Erika L. Kirby, M. Chad McBride, Sherianne Shuler, Marty J. Birkholt, Mary Ann Danielson, Donna R. Pawlowski 2006 The Jesuit Difference (?): Narratives of Negotiating Spiritual Values and Secular Practices. Communication Studies, 57(1), 87–105
Arthur Kroker 1992 The Possessed Individual: Technology and the French Postmodern. St. Martin’s Press, New York
Yvonne Kyriakides 2005 “Art after Auschwitz is Barbaric”: Cultural Ideology of Silence Through the Politics of Representation. Media, Culture & Society, 27(3), 441–450
Annie Lang, Deborah Potter, Maria Elizabeth Grabe 2003 Making News Memorable: Applying Theory to the Production of Local Television News. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(1), 113–123
Henri Lefebvre 1991 The Critique of Everyday Life. Verso, New York
Karl Leidlmair. Knowledge and Noise: The Role of “Disturbance” in Communication. The Pantaneto Forum, 7(July), 2002. (Available at http://www.pantaneto.co.uk/issue7/leidlmair.htm)
Ulf Lindell 1987 The Consensus Rule in Two International Conflicts. Cooperation and Conflict, 22, 115–133
Jeremy H. Lipschultz, Michael L. Hilt 1999 Mass Media and the Death Penalty: Social Construction of Three Nebraska Executions. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(2), 236–254
Arthur G. Lloyd 1990 Sounds of Silence: Emerging Problems of Undisclosed Confirmation. Brooklyn Law Review, 56, 139–147
John Locke. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, edited by Peter H. Nidditch. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979 (1690)
Niklas Luhmann and Kerstin Behnke. Speaking and Silence. New German Critique, 61(winter): 25–37, 1994
Macarena Pradas Macias 2006 Probing Quality Criteria in Simultaneous Interpreting: The Role of Silent Pauses in Fluency. Interpreting: International Journal of Research & Practice in Interpreting, 8(1), 25–43
Nidhi Mahendra, Kathryn A. Bayles, Frances P. Harris 2005 Effect of Presentation Modality on Immediate and Delayed Recall in Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14(2), 144–155
James G. March and Herbert A. Simon, with the collaboration of Harold Guetzkow. Organizations. John Wiley & Sons, New York/London, 1963
Brian Martine 1992 Indeterminacy and Intelligibility. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
Armand Mattelart and Yves Stourdze Cesta. Technology, Culture and Communication: A Report to the French Minister of Research and Industry, translated by D. Buxton. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1985
Margaret C. McHugh. Greenfield v. Wainwright: The Use of Post-Miranda Silence to Rebut the Insanity Defense. American University Law Review, 35: 221–270, 1985.
Alison McInnes, Katharina Manassis 2005 When Silence is Not Golden: An Integrated Approach to Selective Mutism. Seminars in Speech & Language, 26(3), 201–210
Kevin McKenzie 2005 The Institutional Provision for Silence: On the Evasive Nature of Politicians’ Answers to Reporters’ Questions. Journal of Language & Politics, 4(3), 443–463
Margaret L. McLaughlin, Michael J. Cody 1982 Awkward Silences: Behavioral Antecedents and Consequences of the Conversational Lapse. Human Communication Research, 8(4), 299–316
Marshall McLuhan 1964 Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. McGraw-Hill, New York
George Herbert Mead 1934 Mind, Self and Society. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Eric Michaels 1994 Bad Aboriginal Art: Tradition, Media, and Technological Horizon. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
George A. Miller 1957 Some Effects of Intermittent Silence. American Journal of Psychology, 70(2), 311–314
Christopher B. Mueller and Laird C. Kirkpatrick, Federal Rules of Evidence. Aspen Publishers, 2005
Dennis K. Mumby 1997 The Problem of Hegemony: Rereading Gramsci for Organizational Communication Studies. Western Journal of Communication, 61(4), 343–375
S. Nacht 1964 Silence as an Integrative Factor. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 45, 299–303
Bonnie Nardi, Vicki O’Day 1999 Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Douglas C. Nelson 2003 The Do-Not-Call Implementation Act: Legislating the Sound of Silence. Loyola Consumer Law Review, 16(2003), 63–84
Lutz Niethammer. Posthistoire: Has History Come to an End?, translated by Patrick Camiller. Verso, London/New York, 1992
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann 1984 The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion – Our Social Skin. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Gregory O. Nwoye 1985 Eloquent Silence Among the Igbo of Nigeria. In Deborah Tannen, Muriel Saville-Troike (eds) Perspectives on Silence, pages. 185–192. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ
Oxford English Dictionary, 1989. Online
G. Douglas Olsen 1994 The Sounds of Silence: Functions and Use of Silence in Television Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 34, 89–96, September-October
Peter Paik. Personal conversation with the author, May, 2006
Karl Patten 1997 Teaching “Discovering Silence.” In Adam Jaworski (ed). Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, pages 369–378. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin/New York
John Durham Peters 1999 Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
John Durham Peters 1993 Genealogical Notes on “the field”. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 132–139
Susan U. Phillips 1985 Interaction Structured Through Talk and Interaction Structured Through ‹Silence’. In Deborah Tannen, Muriel Saville-Troike (eds) Perspectives on Silence, pages. 205–214. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ
Amit Pinchevski 2005 Displacing Incommunicability: Autism as an Epistemological Boundary. Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies, 2(2), 163–184
Charles C. Ragin 2000 Fuzzy-Set Social Science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
Stewart Ranson, Bob Hinings, Royston Greenwood 1980 The Structuring of Organizational Structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 1–17
Johan Redström, Tobias Skog and Lars Hallnäs. Informative Art: Using Amplified Artworks as Information Displays. DARE Proceedings, pp. 103–115. ACM Press, New York, 2000
Johanna Rendle-Short 2005 Managing the Transitions Between Talk and Silence in the Academic Monologue. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 38(2), 179–218
Felicia Roberts, Alexander L. Francis, Melanie Morgan 2006 The Interaction of Inter-Turn Silence with Prosodic Cues in Listener Perceptions of “trouble” in Conversation. Speech Communication, 48(9), 1079–1093
C.T. Salmon, C.J. Glynn 1996 Spiral of Silence: Communication and Public Opinion as Social Control. In Michael Brian Salwen, Don W. Stacks (eds.) An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, pages 165–180. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
Jean-Paul Sartre 1949 Nausea. New Directions, New York
M. Saville-Troika. The Place of Silence in an Integrated Theory of Communication. In Deborah Tannen and Muriel Saville-Troika, editors, Perspectives on Silence, pp.3–20. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, New Jersey, 1985
Donald A. Schön 1983 The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books, New York
Robert L. Scott 1972 Rhetoric and Silence. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 36, 146–160
Hans Selye 1956 The Stress of Life. McGraw-Hill, New York
Jacob Shamir, Michal Shamir 2000 The Anatomy of Public Opinion. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Information, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. 1948
Herbert A. Simon 2000 Organizing and Coordinating Talk and Silence in Organizations. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), 611–618
Nick Smith 2005 The Splinter in Your Ear: Noise as the Semblance of Critique. Culture, Theory & Critique, 46(1), 43–59
Helen Spencer-Oatey, Jianyu Xing 2005 Managing Talk and Non-Talk in Intercultural Interactions: Insights from Two Chinese-British Business Meetings. Multilingua, 24(1-2), 55–74
Slavko Splichal 2006 In Search of a Strong European Public Sphere: Some Critical Observations on Conceptualizations of Publicness and the (European) Public Sphere. Media, Culture & Society, 28, 695–714
Manfred Stanley 1990 The Rhetoric of the Commons: Forum Discourse in Politics, Society. In Herbert W. Simons (ed) The Rhetorical Turn: Invention and Persuasion in the Conduct of Inquiry, pages 238–257. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
George Steiner 1967 Language and Silence: Essays on Language, Literature, and the Inhuman. Atheneum, New York
Jonathan Sterne 2003 The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction. Duke University Press, Durham, NC
Ron Suskind. Without a doubt. The New York Times Magazine, October 17, 2004. online. http://www.hereinstead.com/Suskind-WithoutaDoubt.htm
Margaret H. Szymanski, Erik Vinkhuyzen, Paul M. Aoki, Allison Woodruff 2006 Organizing a Remote State of Incipient Talk: Push-to-Talk Mobile Radio Interaction. Language in Society, 35(3), 393–418
Deborah Tannen, Muriel Saville-Troike, eds 1985 Perspectives on Silence. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ
Donald F. Theall 1995 Beyond the Word: Reconstructing Sense in the Joyce Era of Technology, Culture, and Communication. University of Toronto Press, Toronto
Wouter van der Hoog, Ianus Keller and Pieter Jan Stappers. Gustbowl: Technology Supporting Affective Communication Through Routine Ritual Interactions. CHI Extended Abstracts 775–776, 2004
Tiina Vaniomaki 2004 Silence as a Cultural Sign. Semiotica, 150(1–4), 347–361
T.H. Waters III 2006 Between a Rock and a Hard Place: An Examination of a “Costly” Right to Silence for Corporate Employees in Criminal Investigations. The Review of Litigation, 25, 603–631
Marc Weiser, John Seely Brown 1995 Designing Calm Technology. Xerox Parc, Palo Alto, CA
Lars Willnat 1991 The East German Press During the Political Transformation of East Germany. International Communication Gazette 48, 193–208
Bjorn Wittrock 1991 Social Knowledge and Public Policy: Eight Models of Interaction. In Peter Wagner, Carol Hirschon Weiss, Bjorn Wittrock, Hellmut Wollman (eds), Social Sciences and Modern States: National Experiences and Theoretical Crossroads, pp. 333–354. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Julia T. Wood 2004 Buddhist Influences on Teaching and Scholarship. Journal of Communication & Religion, 27(1), 32–39
Janet Yerby 1995 Family Systems Theory Reconsidered: Integrating Social Construction Theory and Dialogic Process. Communication Theory, 5(4), 339–365
Shanyang Y. Zhao 2006 The Internet and the Transformation of the Reality of Everyday Life: Toward a New Analytic Stance in Sociology. Sociological Inquiry, 76(4), 458–474
Susan G. Ziegler 2007 The (Mis)Education of Generation M. Learning, Media and Technology, 32(1), 69–81
Acknowledgment
The poem that is the epigraph for this piece is by the author, from The One Verse City (Eugene, OR: Wolf Run Books, 1976).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Braman, S. When Nightingales Break the Law: Silence and the Construction of Reality. Ethics Inf Technol 9, 281–295 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-007-9148-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-007-9148-0