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Hydrogen as an energy carrier: properties, storage methods, challenges, and future implications

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Abstract

The study presents a comprehensive review on the utilization of hydrogen as an energy carrier, examining its properties, storage methods, associated challenges, and potential future implications. Hydrogen, due to its high energy content and clean combustion, has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels in the quest for sustainable energy. Despite its benefits, the storage of hydrogen presents significant technical challenges due to its low density and high reactivity. This study discusses various storage methods, including compression, liquefaction, and adsorption in metal hydrides and other complex compounds, elucidating their advantages and drawbacks. The challenges in adopting hydrogen as an energy carrier, such as production costs, safety concerns, and infrastructure requirements are also explored. The future implications of hydrogen are promising but dependent on technological advancements and policy interventions. Transitioning to hydrogen as a major energy carrier could greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lead to more resilient and diversified energy systems. Nonetheless, this transition requires substantial innovation and investment in cleaner production methods, efficient storage systems, and supportive infrastructure. This review thus underscores the potential of hydrogen as an energy carrier while emphasizing the need for further research and development to overcome existing challenges.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license from the Diyala university and AGH university of Science and Technology for the current study, and so are not publicly available.

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Acknowledgements

The authors kindly acknowledge the faculty of energy and fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology for their financial support. Dr. Prof. Janusz Szmyd is thankfully acknowledged for supporting the research through valuable discussions and inspiration.

Funding

Research project supported by program “Excellence initiative – research university” for the AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq

    Qusay Hassan

  2. College of Engineering, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq

    Sameer Algburi

  3. College of Medical Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq

    Aws Zuhair Sameen

  4. Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

    Marek Jaszczur

  5. Department of Computer Science, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Hayder M. Salman

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  1. Qusay Hassan
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  2. Sameer Algburi
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Contributions

QH: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, supervision, project administration, writing—review and editing. SA: Visualization, writing, formal analysis, writing and editing. AZS: Data curation, visualization, writing—original draft preparation, software. HMS: Investigation, resources, formal analysis. MJ: Funding acquisition, supervision, project administration, writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Qusay Hassan.

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Hassan, Q., Algburi, S., Sameen, A.Z. et al. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: properties, storage methods, challenges, and future implications. Environ Syst Decis 44, 327–350 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-023-09932-z

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