Skip to main content
Log in

The Effect of Oil Spraying on Eggs of Double-Crested Cormorants

  • Published:
Environmentalist Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Spraying eggs with oil has been used as a method of decreasing the reproductive success of super abundant avian species. Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) abundances have created a potential disturbance to some endangered species of birds, sport fishing communities and aquaculture facilities. The hatching success of oil sprayed Double-crested Cormorant eggs was investigated. Oil spraying was done during the first, second, or third week of the egg’s incubation to determine the most effective time during the incubation period for a one-time treatment. The oil spraying technique was 95–98% effective at preventing hatching. Hatching success was independent of the week of incubation that an egg was sprayed with oil. The maximum number of eggs on the colony occurred four weeks after the first egg was laid. This would be the most efficient week to spray the colony to decrease hatching success.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvo, R.C., Blomme, C. and Weseloh, D.V.: 2002, ‘Double-Crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, at Inland Lakes North of Lake Huron, Ontario,’ Can. Field Nat. 116(3), 359–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedard, J., Nadeau, A. and Lepage, M.: 1995, ‘Double-Crested Cormorant Culling in the St. Lawrence River Estuary,’ in D.N. Nettleship and D.C. Duffy (eds.), The Double-Crested Cormorant: Biology, Conservation and Management, Colonial Waterbirds 18 (Special Publication 1), 78–85.

  • Blackwell, B.F., Seamans, T.W., Helon, D.A. and Dolbeer, R.A.: 2000, ‘Early Loss of Herring Gull Clutches after Egg-Oiling,’ Wildl. Soc. Bull. 28(1), 70–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blokpoel, H. and Hamilton, R.M.C.: 1989, ‘Effects of Applying White Mineral Oil to Chicken and Gull Eggs,’ Wildl. Soc. Bull. 17, 435–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christens, E. and Blokpoel, H.: 1991, ‘Operational Spraying of White Mineral Oil to Prevent Hatching of Gull Eggs,’ Wildl. Soc. Bull. 19, 423–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christens, E., Blokpoel, H., Rason, G. and Jarvie, S.: 1995, ‘Spraying White Mineral Oil on Canada Goose Eggs to Prevent Hatching,’ Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23, 228–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolbeer, R.A.: 1991, ‘Migration Patterns of Double-Crested Cormorants East of the Rocky Mountains,’ J. Field Ornith. 62, 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, L.N. and Cleary, L.: 1978, ‘Effect of Human Disturbance on Breeding Double-Crested Cormorants,’ Auk 95, 510–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glahn, J.F. and Brugger, K.E.: 1995, ‘The Impact of Double-Crested Cormorants on the Mississippi Delta Catfish Industry: A Bioenergetics Model,’ in D.N. Nettleship and D.C. Duffy (eds.), The Double-Crested Cormorant: Biology, Conservation and Management, Colonial Waterbirds 18 (Special Pulication 1), 168–175.

  • Jarvie, S., Blokpoel, H. and Chipperfield, T.: 1999, “A Geographical Information System to Monitor Nest Distributions of Double-Crested Cormorants and Black-Crowned Night-Herons at Shared Colony Sites Near Toronto, Canada,’ in Mark E. Tobin (ed.), Symposium on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in the Midwest, United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1879, pp. 121–129.

  • Kevan, S.D.: 1992, ‘A Review of Methods to Reduce Bird Predation on Land-Based Fish Farms,’ A Report to the Canadian Wildlife Service, Published by Aquaculture Extension Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, 23 pp.

  • Kury, C.R. and Gochfeld, M.: 1975, ‘Human Interference and Gull Predation in Cormorant Colonies,’ Biol. Conserv. 8, 23–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littauer, G.A.: 1990, ‘Avian Predators: Frightening Techniques for Reducing Bird Damage at Aquaculture Facilities,’ Southern Regional Aquaculture Center Publication No. 401, Cooperative State Extension Service, Mississippi State, Mississippi.

  • McLeod, J.A. and Bondar, G.F.: 1953, ‘A Brief Study of the Double-Crested Cormorant on Lake Winnipegosis,’ Can. Field-Nat. 67, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendall, H.L.: 1936, ‘The Home-Life and Economic Status of the Double-Crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson),’ Univ. Maine Stud., Second Ser., no. 38. Maine Bull. 39.3. Univ. Press, Orono.

  • Moerbeek, D.J., van Dobben, W.H., Osieck, E.R., Boere, G.C. and Bungenberg de Jong, C.M.: 1987, ‘Cormorant Damage Prevention at a Fish Farm in the Netherlands,’ Biol. Conserv. 39, 23–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mott, D. and Boyd, F.: 1995, ‘A Review of Techniques for Preventing Cormorant Depredation at Aquaculture Facilities in the Southeastern United States,’ in D.N. Nettleship and D.C. Duffy (eds.), The Double-Crested Cormorant: Biology, Conservation and Management, Colonial Waterbirds 18 (Special Publication 1), 176–180.

  • Price, I. and Weseloh, D.V.: 1986, ‘Increased Numbers and Productivity of Double-Crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, on Lake Ontario,’ Can. Field-Nat. 100(4), 474–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trapp, J.L., Lewis, S.J. and Pence, D.M.: 1999, ‘Double-Crested Cormorant Impacts on Sport Fish: Literature Review, Agency Survey, and Strategies,’ in Mark E. Tobin (ed.), Symposium on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in the Midwest, United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1879. pp. 87–96.

  • Weseloh, D.V., Pekarik, C., Havelka, T., Barrett, G. and Reid, J.: 2002, ‘Population Trends and Colony Locations of Double-Crested Cormorants in the Canadian Great Lakes and Immediately Adjacent Areas, 1990–2000: A Manager’s Guide,’ J. Great Lakes Res. 28(20), 125–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weseloh, D.V. and Collier, B.: 1995, ‘The Rise of the Double-Crested Cormorant on the Great Lakes: Winning the War Against Contaminants,’ Great Lakes Fact Sheet (Catalogue No. EN-40/222/2-1995E), Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario.

  • Weseloh, D.V., Ewins, P.J., Struger, J., Mineau, P., Bishop, C.A., Postupalsky, S. and Ludwig, J.P.: 1995, ‘Double-Crested Cormorants of the Great Lakes: Changes in Population Size, Breeding Distribution and Reproductive Output between 1913 and 1991,’ in D.N. Nettleship and D.C. Duffy (eds.), The Double-Crested Cormorant: Biology, Conservation and Management, Colonial Waterbirds 18 (Special Publication 1), 48–59.

  • Wires, L.R., Cuthbert, F.J., Trexel, D.R. and Joshi, A.R.: 2001, ‘Status of the Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus): Eastern and Central North America,’ USFWS Report.

  • USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service): 2003, Final Environmental Impact Statement: Double-Crested Cormorant Management in the United States, 268 pp.

  • Zar, J.H.: 1984, Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd edn., Prentice Hall, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shonk, K.A., Kevan, S.D. & Weseloh, D.V. The Effect of Oil Spraying on Eggs of Double-Crested Cormorants. Environmentalist 24, 119–124 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-004-4802-0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-004-4802-0

Keywords

Navigation