Abstract
This empirical study investigates the impact of deforestation on energy security in sub-Saharan Africa. To achieve this, we explored the intricate dynamics between deforestation, key energy security indicators, and socio-economic factors in sub-Saharan Africa. We employed a comprehensive dataset and analysed it with system GMM methodology and difference GMM and pooled OLS as robustness checks. The study validates the model’s suitability and confirms a significant negative relationship between deforestation rates and energy security. A central finding is the consistently negative impact of deforestation on energy security across various models. Diminishing forest cover is shown to jeopardise a nation’s ability to meet energy demands, underscoring the urgent need for policies promoting forest conservation and sustainable management. The study also identifies positive associations between energy security and total primary energy supply, per capita energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and renewable energy. Higher energy supply and consumption and increased reliance on renewables contribute to enhanced energy security. However, unchecked population growth is highlighted as a potential impediment. Policy implications advocate for comprehensive interventions, emphasising conservation strategies, renewable energy adoption, and population management. It also calls for foreign trade policies that emphasise timber certification and sustainability agreements to protect forest resources alongside regional security measures and collaborative guidelines for sustainable forest management. The findings provide a nuanced understanding for policymakers, offering a roadmap to navigate challenges and opportunities in pursuing sustainable and secure energy systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Source EIA. (November 15, 2022). Electricity generation from renewables in Africa from 2010 to 2021, by energy source (in terawatt-hours) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved September 08, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1276105/renewable-electricity-generation-in-africa-by-source/
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Appendices
Appendix
Appendix 1: List of the 47 sub-Saharan African countries included in the sample
1 | Angola | 17 | Ethiopia | 33 | Niger |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Benin | 18 | Gabon | 34 | Nigeria |
3 | Botswana | 19 | The Gambia | 35 | Rwanda |
4 | Burkina Faso | 20 | Ghana | 36 | Sao Tome and Principe |
5 | Burundi | 21 | Guinea | 37 | Senegal |
6 | Cabo Verde | 22 | Guinea-Bissau | 38 | Seychelles |
7 | Cameroon | 23 | Kenya | 39 | Sierra Leone |
8 | Central African Republic | 24 | Lesotho | 40 | Somalia |
9 | Chad | 25 | Liberia | 41 | South Africa |
10 | Comoros | 26 | Madagascar | 42 | Sudan |
11 | Congo, Dem. Rep | 27 | Malawi | 43 | Tanzania |
12 | Congo, Republic | 28 | Mali | 44 | Togo |
13 | Cote d’Ivoire | 29 | Mauritania | 45 | Uganda |
14 | Equatorial Guinea | 30 | Mauritius | 46 | Zambia |
15 | Eritrea | 31 | Mozambique | 47 | Zimbabwe |
16 | Eswatini | 32 | Namibia |
Appendix 2: List of abbreviations
1 | AR | Autocorrelation |
|---|---|---|
2 | CEM | Carbon dioxide emissions |
3 | CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
4 | DEF | Deforestation |
5 | EIA | US Energy Information Administration |
6 | ES | Energy security |
7 | FAO | Food and Agricultural Organization |
8 | GDP | Gross domestic product |
9 | GMM | Generalised method of moments |
10 | IEA | International Energy Agency |
11 | KGOE | Kilograms of oil equivalent |
12 | MTOE | Mega tonnes of oil equivalent |
13 | OLS | Ordinary least squares |
14 | PECONS | Per capita energy consumption |
15 | POPGR | Population growth |
16 | REN | Renewable energy |
17 | RPCI | Real per capita income |
18 | SSA | Sub-Saharan Africa |
19 | TPES | Total primary energy supply |
20 | USA | United States of America |
21 | UN | United Nations |
22 | UNDESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |
23 | UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
24 | USD | United States dollar |
25 | WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
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Ofozor, C.A., Abdul-Rahim, A.S., Chin, L. et al. Does deforestation endanger energy security? A panel GMM evidence from 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04412-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04412-5