Abstract
Trace metal pollution is a vital issue in ecological problems (air, soil, and water), and it threatens human health in many urban areas worldwide. The accumulation of heavy metals released from various sources can readily occur on plants and impairs their growth. Therefore, monitoring metal concentration is extremely important when released into the atmosphere from one place to another urban environment. Biomonitor is one of the passive methods used to track selected elements. Chromium (Cr) has adverse effects on plants when it is in high concentrations; therefore, the variation of its concentration in plants is important to be assessed. Another target element, zinc (Zn), has different essential metabolic functions in plants and is crucial in protein and carbohydrate synthesis. It directly affects the plant due to its protein and carbohydrate synthesis role. This study aimed to determine the variation of the Cr and Zn concentration ratio in the organs of Picea pungens Engelm. from Ankara, Türkiye. According to organ, age, washing status, and location, Picea pungens Engelm. showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for Cr and Zn pollution on the road shoulders. Their location on the tree can easily determine the age of the needles and branches. The total values of bark for Cr and Zn were calculated as 23,887 ppb and 672,012 ppb in barks in unwashed samples. The result of the Cr and Zn content was significantly evaluated using ANOVA and Duncan test. The P. pungens is an excellent passive sampler as a biomonitor for the Cr and Zn distribution in the local atmospheric environment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Adisa, I. O., Pullagurala, V. L. R., Peralta-Videa, J. R., Dimkpa, C. O., Elmer, W. H., Gardea-Torresdey, J. L., & White, J. C. (2019). Recent advances in nano-enabled fertilizers and pesticides: A critical review of mechanisms of action. Environmental Science: Nano, 6(7), 2002–2030. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EN00265K
Alaqouri, H. A. A., Ozer Genc, C., Aricak, B., Kuzmina, N., Menshikov, S., & Cetin, M. (2020). The possibility of using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles as biomonitor in the determination of heavy metal accumulation. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 18(2), 3713–3727. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1802_37133727a
Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., & Wang, M. Q. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics, 9(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042
Al-Khlaifat, A. L., & Al-Khashman, O. A. (2007). Atmospheric heavy metal pollution in Aqaba city, Jordan, using Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves. Atmospheric Environment, 41(39), 8891–8897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.028
Amado Filho, G. M., Andrade, L. R., Karez, C. S., Farina, M., & Pfeiffer, W. C. (1999). Brown algae species as biomonitors of Zn and Cd at Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Marine Environmental Research, 48(3), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(99)00042-2
Ayan, S., Sarsekova, D., Kenesaryuly, G., Yilmaz, E., Gülseven, O., & Sahin, I. (2021). Accumulation of heavy metal pollution caused by traffic in forest trees in the park of Kerey and Janibek Khans of the city of Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. Journal of Forest Science, 67, 357–366. https://doi.org/10.17221/37/2021-JFS
Azadi, N., Nakhaee, S., Farnia, V., Pirsaheb, M., Mansouri, B., Ahmadi-Jouybari, T., & Khanegi, M. (2021). Multivariate statistical evaluation of heavy metals in the urine of opium individuals in comparison with healthy people in Western Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16271-6
Baroudi, F., Al-Alam, J., Delhomme, O., Chimjarn, S., Fajloun, Z., & Millet, M. (2021). The use of Pinus nigra as a biomonitor of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lebanon. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 10283–10291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11954-y
Bharagava, R. N., & Mishra, S. (2018). Hexavalent chromium reduction potential of Cellulosimicrobium sp. isolated from common effluent treatment plant of tannery industries. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.040
Bozdogan, S. E., Turkmen, M., & Cetin, M. (2019). Heavy metal accumulation in rosemary leaves and stems exposed to traffic-related pollution near Adana-İskenderun Highway (Hatay, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7714-7
Cai, A., Zhang, H., Wang, L., Wang, Q., & Wu, X. (2021). Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Handan: A typical heavily polluted city in north China. Atmosphere, 12(10), 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101232
Cetin, M., Sevik, H., & Cobanoglu, O. (2020). Ca, Cu, and Li in washed and unwashed specimens of needles, bark, and branches of the blue spruce (Picea pungens) in the city of Ankara. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08687-3
Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Turkyılmaz, A., & Isinkaralar, K. (2021). Using Abies’s needles as biomonitors of recent heavy metal accumulation. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(1), 1–6.
Chang, C. Y., Yu, H. Y., Chen, J. J., Li, F. B., Zhang, H. H., & Liu, C. P. (2014). Accumulation of heavy metals in leaf vegetables from agricultural soils and associated potential health risks in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(3), 1547–1560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3472-0
Chojnacka, K., Chojnacki, A., Gorecka, H., & Górecki, H. (2005). Bioavailability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants. Science of the Total Environment, 337(1–3), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.009
Dixit, R., Malaviya, D., Pandiyan, K., Singh, U. B., Sahu, A., Shukla, R., Singh, B., Rai, J., Sharma, P., Lade, H., & Paul, D. (2015). Bioremediation of heavy metals from soil and aquatic environment: an overview of principles and criteria of fundamental processes. Sustainability, 7(2), 2189–2212. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7022189
Eid, E. M., Shaltout, K. H., Almuqrin, A. H., Aloraini, D. A., Khedher, K. M., Taher, M. A., & Barcelo, D. (2021). Uptake prediction of nine heavy metals by Eichhornia crassipes grown in irrigation canals: A biomonitoring approach. Science of the Total Environment, 782, 146887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146887
Eltier, L. A. A., & Sivacioglu, A. (2021). Research Article determination of heavy metal accumulation in some coniferous species used in Kastamonu Urban Afforestation. Asian J. Biol. Sci, 14(2), 33–40.
Fasani, D., Fermo, P., Barroso, P. J., Martín, J., Santos, J. L., Aparicio, I., & Alonso, E. (2016). Analytical method for biomonitoring of PAH using leaves of bitter orange trees (Citrus aurantium): A case study in South Spain. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 227, 360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3056-z
Gall, J. E., Boyd, R. S., & Rajakaruna, N. (2015). Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(4), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4436-3
Gallego-Cartagena, E., Morillas, H., Carrero, J. A., Madariaga, J. M., & Maguregui, M. (2021). Naturally growing grimmiaceae family mosses as passive biomonitors of heavy metals pollution in urban-industrial atmospheres from the Bilbao Metropolitan area. Chemosphere, 263, 128190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128190
Ghoma, W. E. O., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2022). Using indoor plants as biomonitors for detection of toxic metals by tobacco smoke. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 15, 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01146-z
IARC (International Agency for Rsesarch on Cancer) (2021). Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, vols. 1–129. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/
Ishimaru, G., dos Santos, E. C., & Saiki, M. (2021). Evaluation of the spatial variability of the elements in tree barks used as biomonitors of atmospheric pollution. Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences, 9(11), 1. https://doi.org/10.15392/bjrs.v9i1A.1386
Isinkaralar, K. (2022a). The large-scale period of atmospheric trace metal deposition to urban landscape trees as a biomonitor. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02796-4
Isinkaralar, K. (2022b). Atmospheric deposition of Pb and Cd in the Cedrus atlantica for environmental biomonitoring. Landscape and Ecological Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-022-00503-z
Isinkaralar, K., Koc, I., Erdem, R., & Sevik, H. (2022). Atmospheric Cd, Cr, and Zn deposition in several landscape plants in Mersin, Türkiye. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233, 120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05607-8
Iwuozor, K. O., Oyekunle, I. P., Oladunjoye, I. O., Ibitogbe, E. M., & Olorunfemi, T. S. (2021). A review on the mitigation of heavy metals from aqueous solution using sugarcane bagasse. Sugar Tech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-021-01051-w
Jeddi, K., Fatnassi, M., Chaieb, M., & Siddique, K. H. (2021). Tree species as a biomonitor of metal pollution in arid Mediterranean environments: Case for arid southern Tunisia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(22), 28598–28605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12788-y
Jung, M. C., & Thornton, I. (1996). Heavy metal contamination of soils and plants in the vicinity of a lead-zinc mine, Korea. Applied Geochemistry, 11(1–2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00075-5
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2004). Soil–plant transfer of trace elements—An environmental issue. Geoderma, 122(2–4), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.004
Kabata-Pendias, A., & Szteke, B. (2015). Trace elements in abiotic and biotic environments (p. 468). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Kabir, M. H., Kormoker, T., Islam, M. S., Khan, R., Shammi, R. S., Tusher, T. R., Proshad, R., Islam, M. S., & Idris, A. M. (2021). Potentially toxic elements in street dust from an urban city of a developing country: Ecological and probabilistic health risks assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14581-3
Karacocuk, T., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Turkyilmaz, A., & Cetin, M. (2021). The change of Cr and Mn concentrations in selected plants in Samsun city center depending on traffic density. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 18, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-021-00483-6
Kardel, F., Wuyts, K., De Wael, K., & Samson, R. (2018). Biomonitoring of atmospheric particulate pollution via chemical composition and magnetic properties of roadside tree leaves. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 25994–26004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2592-z
Koc, I. (2021). Using Cedrus atlantica’s annual rings as a biomonitor in observing the changes of Ni and Co concentrations in the atmosphere. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 35880–35886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13272-3
Lehndorff, E., & Schwark, L. (2008). Accumulation histories of major and trace elements on pine needles in the Cologne Conurbation as function of air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 42(5), 833–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.025
Levei, L., Cadar, O., Babalau-Fuss, V., Kovacs, E., Torok, A. I., Levei, E. A., & Ozunu, A. (2021). Use of black poplar leaves for the biomonitoring of air pollution in an urban agglomeration. Plants, 10(3), 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030548
Mandiwana, K. L., Resane, T., Panichev, N., & Ngobeni, P. (2006). The application of tree bark as bio-indicator for the assessment of Cr (VI) in air pollution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(2), 1241–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.015
Marié, D. C., Chaparro, M. A., Irurzun, M. A., Lavornia, J. M., Marinelli, C., Cepeda, R., Böhnel, H. N., Miranda, A. G. C., & Sinito, A. M. (2016). Magnetic mapping of air pollution in Tandil city (Argentina) using the lichen Parmotrema pilosum as biomonitor. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7(3), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2015.12.005
Markert, B., Wappelhorst, O., Weckert, V., Herpin, U., Siewers, U., Friese, K., & Breulmann, G. (1999). The use of bioindicators for monitoring the heavy-metal status of the environment. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 240(2), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02349387
Meena, M., Sonigra, P., & Yadav, G. (2021). Biological-based methods for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3), 2485–2508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11112-4
Mishra, S., & Bharagava, R. N. (2016). Toxic and genotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium in environment and its bioremediation strategies. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 34, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2015.1096883
Moreira, T. C., Amato-Lourenco, L. F., da Silva, G. T., Saldiva de Andre, C. D., de Andre, P. A., Barrozo, L. V., Singer, J. M., Saldiva, P. H. N., Saiki, M., & Locosselli, G. M. (2018). The use of tree barks to monitor traffic-related air pollution: A case study in São Paulo-Brazil. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6, 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00072
Mukhopadhyay, S., Dutta, R., & Dhara, A. (2021). Assessment of air pollution tolerance index of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack in Kolkata metro city, West Bengal, India. Urban Climate, 39, 100977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100977
Novotnik, B., Ščančar, J., Milačič, R., Filipič, M., & Žegura, B. (2016). Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of Cr (VI), Cr (III)-nitrate and Cr (III)-EDTA complex in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Chemosphere, 154, 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.118
Oroian, I., Covrig, I., Viman, O., Odagiu, A., Burduhos, P., Milasan, A., & Șulea, C. (2012). Testing biomonitoring capacity of trees from urban areas. A case study: Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn pollution in Cluj-Napoca, reflected by foliar accumulation of five species located within intense traffic area. Note 1. Results recorded in 2010. ProEnvironment Promediu, 5(12), 195–199.
Pavithra, K. G., & Jaikumar, V. (2019). Removal of colorants from wastewater: A review on sources and treatment strategies. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 75, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.02.011
Petrova, S., Yurukova, L., & Velcheva, I. (2012). Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) as a biomonitor of air pollution in the town of Plovdiv (Bulgaria). Journal of BioScience & Biotechnology, 1(3), 241–247.
Pignata, M. L., Plá, R. R., Jasan, R. C., Martínez, M. S., Rodriguez, J. H., Wannaz, E. D., & Gonzalez, C. M. (2007). Distribution of atmospheric trace elements and assesment of air quality in Argentina employing the lichen, Ramalina celastri, as a passive biomonitor: Detection of air pollution emission sources. International Journal of Environment and Health, 1(1), 29–46.
Rajendran, S., Priya, T. A. K., Khoo, K. S., Hoang, T. K., Ng, H. S., Munawaroh, H. S. H., & Show, P. L. (2021). A critical review on various remediation approaches for heavy metal contaminants removal from contaminated soils. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132369
Rovella, N., Aly, N., Comite, V., Randazzo, L., Fermo, P., Barca, D., & La Russa, M. F. (2021). The environmental impact of air pollution on the built heritage of historic Cairo (Egypt). Science of the Total Environment, 764, 142905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142905
Sablier, M., & Garrigues, P. (2014). Cultural heritage and its environment: An issue of interest for environmental science and pollution research. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(9), 5769–5773.
Savas, D. S., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Turkyilmaz, A., & Cetin, M. (2021). The potential of using Cedrus atlantica as a biomonitor in the concentrations of Cr and Mn. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14826-1
Sergeeva, A., Zinicovscaia, I., Vergel, K., Yushin, N., & Urošević, M. A. (2021). The effect of heavy industry on air pollution studied by active moss biomonitoring in Donetsk Region (Ukraine). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80(3), 546–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00834-2
Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Khalid, S., Schreck, E., Xiong, T., & Niazi, N. K. (2017). Foliar heavy metal uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants: A comparison of foliar and root metal uptake. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 325, 36–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.063
Sharma, N., Sodhi, K. K., Kumar, M., & Singh, D. K. (2021). Heavy metal pollution: Insights into chromium eco-toxicity and recent advancement in its remediation. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15, 100388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100388
Sawidis, T., Breuste, J., Mitrovic, M., Pavlovic, P., & Tsigaridas, K. (2011). Trees as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution in three European cities. Environmental Pollution, 159(12), 3560–3570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.008
Tarín-Carrasco, P., Im, U., Geels, C., Palacios-Peña, L., & Jiménez-Guerrero, P. (2021). Contribution of fine particulate matter to present and future premature mortality over Europe: A non-linear response. Environment International, 153, 106517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106517
Turkyilmaz, A., Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., & Saleh, E. A. A. (2020). Variation of heavy metal accumulation in certain landscaping plants due to traffic density. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(3), 2385–2398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0296-7
Turkyilmaz, A., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., & Cetin, M. (2018). Using Acer platanoides annual rings to monitor the amount 520 of heavy metals accumulated in air. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-5216956-0
Turkyilmaz, A., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., & Cetin, M. (2019). Use of tree rings as a bioindicator to observe atmospheric heavy metal deposition. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(5), 5122–5130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3962-2
US Environmental Protection Agency. (1996). Soil screening guidance: Technical background document. USEPA Rep.540/R-95/128. US Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
US Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). Method 3051a—Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils.
Wang, J., Wang, P., Zhao, Z., & Huo, Y. (2021). Uptake and concentration of heavy metals in dominant mangrove species from Hainan Island, South China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43(4), 1703–1714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00717-w
Wannaz, E. D., Carreras, H. A., Rodriguez, J. H., & Pignata, M. L. (2012). Use of biomonitors for the identification of heavy metals emission sources. Ecological Indicators, 20, 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.02.022
Weinstein, L. H., & Davison, A. W. (2003). Native plant species suitable as bioindicators and biomonitors for airborne fluoride. Environmental Pollution, 125(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00090-3
World Health Organization. (2016). Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250141 Accessed 2022, January 11.
Yang, Z., Zhang, X., Jiang, Z., Li, Q., Huang, P., Zheng, C., & Yang, W. (2021). Reductive materials for remediation of hexavalent chromium contaminated soil–A review. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145654
Yoshinaga, M., Ninomiya, H., Al Hossain, M. A., Sudo, M., Akhand, A. A., Ahsan, N., Alim, AMd., Khalequzzaman, Md., Lida, M., Yajima, I., Ohgami, N., & Kato, M. (2018). A comprehensive study including monitoring, assessment of health effects and development of a remediation method for chromium pollution. Chemosphere, 201, 667–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.026
Zhou, X., Hu, R., & Fang, Y. (2021). Source and spatial distribution of airborne heavy metal deposition studied using mosses as biomonitors in Yancheng, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12814-z
Zinicovscaia, I., Hramco, C., Duliu, O. G., Vergel, K., Culicov, O. A., Frontasyeva, M. V., & Duca, G. (2017). Air pollution study in the Republic of Moldova using moss biomonitoring technique. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 98(2), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1989-y
Zsigmond, A. R., Száraz, A., & Urák, I. (2021). Macro and trace elements in the black pine needles as inorganic indicators of urban traffic emissions. Environmental Pollution, 291, 118228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118228
Yilmaz, D., & Isinkaralar, O. (2021a). How can natural environment scoring tool (nest) be adapted for urban parks? Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(2), 127–139.
Yilmaz, D., & Isinkaralar, O. (2021b). Climate action plans under climate-resilient urban policies. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(2), 140–147.
Acknowledgements
This study is produced from the MSc thesis titled "Determining the recent changes of some heavy metal concentrations from traffic with the help of Blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm)" conducted at Kastamonu University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Plant Resources Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Omer Faruk Sulhan contributed to the raw material collection, processing analysis, and interpretation. Hakan Sevik contributed to the thesis supervisor, processing analysis, and interpretation. Kaan Isinkaralar helped in the conceptualization, software, writing—original draft, data curation, formal analysis, and review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sulhan, O.F., Sevik, H. & Isinkaralar, K. Assessment of Cr and Zn deposition on Picea pungens Engelm. in urban air of Ankara, Türkiye. Environ Dev Sustain 25, 4365–4384 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02647-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02647-2