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The geomorphology and ecosystem service economic value baselines of tributary watersheds in Malaysia

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Abstract

This study presents how a cluster of tributary watersheds was evaluated for geomorphology and ecosystem service economic value baselines. Tributary watersheds, although small, were focused herein as they are practical for community-based conservation. Based on the Market-Price Method, the watersheds were estimated to be worth USD49.59 ha−1 year−1 at the time of this study and USD58.13 ha−1 year−1 in 2026. The watersheds were able to meet water demand of 20.94 megalitre day−1 required by the 93,084 local populations during the worst-case scenario induced by a peak El Niño and Southern Oscillation event in 2016. Collectively, the watersheds were contributing 703.87 megalitre day−1; thus, water shortages are not expected in near future, unless if they are compromised. The data acquired are also compared with studies elsewhere, and some insights on other baseline metrics, risk factors and humanizing watershed conservation are discussed.

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Fig. 1
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Fig. 4

Source: Adapted from MNRE (2011) and data collected by the authors in 2016

Fig. 5

Source: Combined data from McIntosh (2014), SPAN (2016) and PUB (2017)

Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Source Department of Irrigation and Drainage (2017)

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Acknowledgements

The authors are deeply grateful to the anonymous reviewers who have offered thoughtful comments that helped to enrich the paper.

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  1. Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia

    Casey Keat-Chuan Ng, Peter Aun-Chuan Ooi, Wey-Lim Wong & Gideon Khoo

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  1. Casey Keat-Chuan Ng
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Ng, C.KC., Ooi, P.AC., Wong, WL. et al. The geomorphology and ecosystem service economic value baselines of tributary watersheds in Malaysia. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 14472–14493 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01253-y

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