Abstract
The historical megacities act as a catalyst for sustainable economic development. But the rampant urbanization and demand for the development of mass-transit infrastructure have put pressure on natural environment and heritage scape. Collaborative urban planning is essential especially in culturally and archaeologically rich cities. Megaprojects such as mass-transit systems, especially in developing countries, normally are encouraged for political point scoring. But the choices of the mod of mass-transit systems, their route selection, design and vertical alignment may have a devastating impact on cultural and historical heritage leading to serious conflicts during execution of mass-transit plans. This study employs system engineering decision analysis techniques to resolve urban planning issues of heritage sustainability while analysing metro-heritage conflict in Lahore. Realizing the fact that the attitude(s) of the Decision Makers (DMs) play important role in the decision–decision making, the authors use the attitudes of the DMs based on options in Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) to resolve the metro-heritage conflict.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.Notes
Moreover, UNESCO’s World Heritage Community also expressed serious concerns at its 40th session in Istanbul about the development of the OLMT and requested the government of the Punjab to conduct a visual impact study before pursuing the works of the project (Dawn 2016).
References
Abubakar, S. M. (2016). Lahore—A city of gardens, now a city of concrete—Pakistan—DAWN.COM. Lahore. https://www.dawn.com/news/1238407/. Accessed 30 Dec 2018.
Ahmed, W., Tan, Q., & Ali, S. (2018). Strategic negotiation for resolving infrastructure development disputes in the belt and road initiative. In Y. Chen, G. Kersten, R. Vetschera, & H. Xu (Eds.), Group decision and negotiation in an uncertain world: 18th international conference, GDN 2018, Nanjing, China, June 9–13, 2018, Proceedings. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67774-3_19.
Al-Houdalieh, S. H., & Sauders, R. R. (2009). Building destruction: The consequences of rising urbanization on cultural heritage in the Ramallah Province. International Journal of Cultural Property,16(01), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0940739109090043.
Ali, S., Xu, H., Al-amin, A. Q., & Ahmad, N. (2018a). Energy sources choice and environmental sustainability disputes: An evolutional graph model approach. Quality and Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0775-9.
Ali, S., Xu, H., Xu, P., & Theodora, M. (2018b). Attitudinal analysis of Russia–Turkey conflict with Chinese role as a third-party intervention. In Lecture notes in business information processing (Vol. 315, pp. 167–178). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92874-6_13.
Ali, S., Xu, H., Xu, P., & Zhao, S. (2017). The analysis of environmental conflict in Changzhou foreign language school using a hybrid game. The Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal,11(1), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874110X01711010094.
Bandarin, F., & van Oers, R. (2012). The historic urban landscape: Managing heritage in an urban century. London: Wiley Blackwell.
Bandarin, F., & van Oers, R. (2014). Reconnecting the city: The historic urban landscape approach and the future of urban heritage. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Boone, J. (2016). Lahore court backs heritage challenge over metro plans | World news | The Guardian. The Gaurdian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/19/lahore-court-backs-heritage-challenge-metro-plans-pakistan. Accessed 2 Sept 2018.
Coward, M. (2006). Against anthropocentrism: The destruction of the built environment as a distinct form of political violence. Review of International Studies,32(3), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210506007091.
Dawn. (2016). Situationer: Govt vows comeback after activists stop train—Newspaper—DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1278799. Accessed 14 Jan 2019.
El Menchawy, A., Aly, S. S., & Hakim, M. A. (2011). The impact of urban sprawl on the heritage areas through the urban fabric of cities. Transactions on Ecology and the Environment,150, 1743–3541. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP110.
Fang, L., Hipel, K. W., & Kilgour, D. M. (1993). Interactive decision making: The graph model for conflict resolution. New York: Wiley.
Fox, H. (2000). World Bank urban transport strategy review-mass rapid transit in developing countries. www.halcrow.com. Accessed 30 Dec 2018.
Fraser, N. M., & Hipel, K. W. (1979). Solving complex conflicts. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics,9(12), 805–816. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310131.
Fraser, N. M., & Hipel, K. W. (1984). Conflict analysis: Models and resolutions. New York: North-Holland.
GoPP. (2016). Project brief of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train | Punjab Portal. https://punjab.gov.pk/node/1059. Accessed 4 Sept 2018.
Hasnain, K. (2015). Civil society urges govt to change Orange Line route—Pakistan—DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1217188. Accessed 18 Jan 2019.
Hipel, K. W., Jamshidi, M. M., Tien, J. M., & White, C. C. (2007). The future of systems, man and cybernetics: Application domains and research methods. In Conference proceedings—IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics (Vol. 37, pp. 726–743). https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2007.4413562.
Hipel, K. W., Marc Kilgour, D., Fang, L., & Peng, X. J. (1997). The decision support system GMCR in environmental conflict management. Applied Mathematics and Computation,83(2–3), 117–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0096-3003(96)00170-1.
Howard, N. (1971). Paradoxes of rationality: Theory of metaames and political behavior. London: The MIT Press Classics.
ICOMOS. (2011). Guidance on heritage impact assessments for cultural world heritage properties. Paris: The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). https://www.icomos.org/world_heritage/HIA_20110201.pdf. Accessed 30 Dec 2018.
Inohara, T., & Hipel, J. K. W. (2009). Interrelationships among attitude-based and conventional stability concepts within the graph model for conflict resolution. In 2009 IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics (pp. 1130–1135). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5345963.
Inohara, T., Hipel, K. W., & Walker, S. (2007). Conflict analysis approaches for investigating attitudes and misperceptions in the War of 1812. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering,16(2), 181–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-007-5042-x.
Javed, U. (2016). Orange line battles—Newspaper—DAWN.COM. Dawn. Lahore. https://www.dawn.com/news/1280614/orange¬line¬battles. Accessed 2 Sept 2018.
Leonard, J. B. (1986). Lahore. Cities,3(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(86)90003-X.
Levine, M. A., Britt, K. M., & Delle, J. A. (2005). Heritage tourism and community outreach: Public archaeology at the Thaddeus Stevens and Lydia Hamilton Smith Site in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA. International Journal of Heritage Studies,11(5), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250500337447.
LMA. (2015). UNESCO Paris Letter | Lahore Metro aur Aap. http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/2016/01/unesco-paris-letter/. Accessed 13 Jan 2019.
LMA. (2016). Lahore Metro Aur Aap: Issues. http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/issues/. Accessed 25 Dec 2016.
Lowenthal, D. (2005). Natural and cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies,11(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250500037088.
Mergos, G., & Patsavos, N. (Eds.). (2017). Cultural heritage and sustainable development economic benefits, social opportunities and policy challenges. Chania: Technical University of Crete. http://ayla.culture.gr/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/INHERIT-BOOK-PRINT-2.pdf. Accessed 26 Jan 2019.
Meskell, L. (2002). Negative heritage and past mastering in archaeology. Anthropological Quarterly,75(3), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.2307/3318204.
Mohan, D. (2008). Mythologies, metro rail systems and future urban transport. Economic and Political Weekly. https://doi.org/10.2307/40277079.
Nash, J. F. (1950). Equilibrium points in n-person games. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,36(1), 48–49. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.36.1.48.
Nash, J. F. (1951). Non-cooperative games. The Annals of Mathematics,1, 11. https://doi.org/10.2307/1969529.
NESPAK. (2015). Punjab orange line metro project (from Ali Town to Dera Gujjran), PC-I. Lahore: National Engineering Services Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited.
Njoh, A. J. (2000). The impact of colonial heritage on development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Social Indicators Research,52(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007074516048.
Phillips, R. G., & Stein, J. M. (2013). An indicator framework for linking historic preservation and community economic development. Social Indicators Research,113(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9833-6.
Porter, B. W., & Salazar, N. B. (2005). Heritage tourism, conflict, and the public interest: An introduction. International Journal of Heritage Studies,11(5), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250500337397.
Rogers, A. P. (2017). Built heritage and development: Heritage impact assessment of change in Asia. Built Heritage, 1(2), 16–28. http://www.asian-academy.org/hia-online-manual/. Accessed 30 Dec 2018.
Su, R., Bramwell, B., & Whalley, P. A. (2018). Cultural political economy and urban heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research,68, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNALS.2017.11.004.
SYSTRA. (2007). Lahore metro green and orange lines, Pakistan. http://www.systra.com/IMG/pdf/metro_lahore_en.pdf. Accessed 13 Dec 2016.
The Express Tribune. (2016). LHC stops metro train construction near 11 historic sites | The Express Tribune. Lahore. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1165771/lhc-stops-metro-train-construction-near-11-historic-sites/. Accessed 18 Jan 2019.
The News. (2016). Court stays metro train project near historical places | Lahore | thenews.com.pk | Karachi. Lahore. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/94481-Court-stays-metro-train-project-near-historical-places. Accessed 31 Dec 2018.
UN-DESA. (2011). Shangai manual: A guide for sustainable urban development in the 21st Century. Shanghai. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/shanghaimanual.pdf. Accessed 2 Sept 2018.
UNESCO. (2015). Shalamar gardens, world heritage site. Islamabad: The Letter of the Director (UNESCO) to the Chief Secretary, Government of the Punjab, Civil Secretariat, Lahore.
UNESCO. (2016). The HUL guidebook: Managing heritage in dynamic and constantly changing urban environments. The 15th world conference of the league of historical cities. http://historicurbanlandscape.com/themes/196/userfiles/download/2016/6/7/wirey5prpznidqx.pdf. Accessed 30 Dec 2018.
UNESCO. (2018). Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore—UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171. Accessed 3 Jan 2019.
Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795x06065810.
WPR. (2018). Lahore population 2018 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lahore-population/. Accessed 31 Dec 2018.
Xu, H., Hipel, K. W., Kilgour, D. M., & Fang, L. (2018a). Conflict resolution using the graph model: Strategic interactions in competition and cooperation. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77670-5.
Xu, H., Xu, P., & Ali, S. (2017a). Attitude analysis in process conflict for aircraft manufacturing. Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,34(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.16356/j.1005-1120.2017.02.115.
Xu, H., Zhao, J., Ke, G. Y., & Ali, S. (2019). Matrix representation of consensus and dissent stabilities in the graph model for conflict resolution. Discrete Applied Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2018.12.006.
Xu, P., Xu, H., & He, S. (2017b). Evolutional analysis for the South China Sea dispute based on the two-stage attitude of Philippines. In M. Schoop & D. M. Kilgour (Eds.), GDN 2017: Group decision and negotiation. A socio-technical perspective (Vol. 293, pp. 73–85). Stuttgart: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63546-0_6.
Xu, P., Xu, H., & Ke, G. Y. (2018b). Integrating an option-oriented attitude analysis into investigating the degree of stabilities in conflict resolution. Group Decision and Negotiation,27, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-018-9585-7.
Yousefi, S., Hipel, K. W., & Hegazy, T. (2010a). Attitude-based strategic negotiation for conflict management in construction projects. Project Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20193.
Yousefi, S., Hipel, K. W., Hegazy, T., & Asce, M. (2010b). Attitude-based negotiation methodology for the management of construction disputes. Journal of Management in Engineering,1, 11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000013.
Zahid, L. (2015). Orange Line—Lahore’s heritage under attack? | Pakistan Today. Pakistan Today. Lahore. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/11/01/orange-line-lahores-heritage-under-attack/. Accessed 2 Sept 2018.
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the editors and anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions that have greatly improved this article. The authors appreciate financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71471087).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ali, S., Xu, H., Ahmed, W. et al. Metro design and heritage sustainability: conflict analysis using attitude based on options in the graph model. Environ Dev Sustain 22, 3839–3860 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00365-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00365-w