Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil, atmospheric deposition and biomonitor samples in the Meric-Ergene River Basin, Turkey

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in various components in the Meric-Ergene River Basin which is one of Turkey’s intensive industrialization centers and which accordingly has faced significant environmental pollution and has about 1300 industrial plants within its boundaries. In the river basin, 16 USEPA PAHs were measured in a total of 192 samples consisting of soil, lichen, pine needle and total deposition samples for 1 year to represent the four seasons at a total of 12 points in 4 different regions which were determined as intensive industrial area, industrial + residential area, agricultural area and background. According to the results obtained, the total PAH values, in all sampling points, varied between 69.6 and 1277.7 ng/g (dry wt) for soil, lichen and pine needle samples and between 0 and 937.8 ng/m2-day for the total deposition samples. The highest values were determined in the fall season for the lichen samples and industrial area. The data obtained were evaluated in terms of spatial and seasonal variations, and according to their molecular weights. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of exposing to soil PAHs were calculated, and maximum ILCR values were observed in industrial areas for child and adults. The diagnostic ratios were performed for determining the source, and the comparison of bioindication features was made for lichen and pine needle samples by comparing with Koa and Kow values of PAHs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aichner, B., Bussian, B. M., Lehnik-Habrink, P., & Hein, S. (2015). Regionalized concentrations and fingerprints of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in German forest soils. Environmental Pollution, 203, 31–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amigo, J. M., Ratola, N., & Alves, A. (2011). Study of geographical trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using pine needles. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 5988–5996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). (1995). Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augusto, S., Máguas, C., & Branquinho, C. (2013). Guidelines for biomonitoring persistent organic pollutants (POPs), using lichens and aquatic mosses: A review. Environmental Pollution,180, 330–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augusto, S., Maguas, C., Matos, J., Pereira, M. J., & Branquinho, C. (2010). Lichens as an integrating tool for monitoring PAH atmospheric deposition: A comparison with soil, air and pine needles. Environmental Pollution,158, 483–489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bozlaker, A., Muezzinoglu, A., & Odabasi, M. (2008). Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air–soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials,153, 1093–1102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budzinski, H., Jones, I., Bellocq, J., Pierard, C., & Garrigues, P. (1997). Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary. Marine Chemistry,58, 85–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capozzi, F., Di Palma, A., Adamo, P., Spagnuolo, V., & Giordano, S. (2017). Monitoring chronic and acute PAH atmospheric pollution using transplants of the moss Hypnum cupressiforme and Robinia pseudacacia leaves. Atmospheric Environment,150, 45–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CEPA. (2003). The air toxics hot spots program guidance manual for preparation of health risk assessments. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. California: California Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S.-C., & Liao, C.-M. (2006). Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources. Science of the Total Environment,366, 112–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, S. (2014). Time trends in the levels and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pine bark, litter, and soil after a forest fire. Science of the Total Environment,470–471, 1441–1449.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conti, M. E., & Cecchetti, G. (2001). Biological monitoring: Lichens as bioindicators of air pollution asses-a review. Env. Poll.,114, 471–492.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Nicola, F., Claudia, L., MariaVittoria, P., Giulia, M., & Anna, A. (2011). Biomonitoring of PAHs by using Quercus ilex leaves: Source diagnostic and toxicity assessment. Atmospheric Environment,45, 1428–1433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Nicola, F., Concha Graña, E., Aboal, J. R., Carballeira, A., Fernández, J. A., López Mahía, P., et al. (2016). PAH detection in Quercus robur leaves and Pinus pinaster needles: A fast method for biomonitoring purpose. Talanta,153, 130–137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demircioglu, E., Sofuoglu, A., & Odabasi, M. (2011). Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Izmir Turkey. Clean-Soil, Air, Water,39(4), 319–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, G., Jensen, S., Kylin, H., & Strachan, W. (1989). The pine needle as a monitor of atmospheric pollution. Nature,341, 42–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esen, F., Cindoruk, S. S., & Tasdemir, Y. (2008). Bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial site of Turkey. Environmental Pollution,152, 461–467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EU, Europe Union. (2001). Ambient air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), Position Paper. Luxemborg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. ISBN 92-894-2057-X.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, G., Wu, Y., Chen, M., Ho, T., Huang, S., & Rau, J. (2004). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan, during 2002–2003. Atmospheric Environment,38, 3385–3391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fertmann, R., Tesseraux, I., Michael, S., & Neus, H. (2002). Evaluation of ambient air concentration of PAHs in Germany from 1990 to 1998. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Eniıronmental Epidemiology,12, 115–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foan, L., Domercq, M., Bermejo, R., Santamaría, J. M., & Simon, V. (2015). Mosses as an integrating tool for monitoring PAH atmospheric deposition: Comparison with total deposition and evaluation of bioconcentration factors: A year-long case-study. Chemosphere,119, 452–458.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garty, J. (2001). Biomonitoring atmospheric heavy metals with lichens: Theory and application. Critical Reviews Plant Science,20, 309–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdol, R., Marchesini, R., Iacumin, P., & Brancaleoni, L. (2014). Monitoring temporal trends of air pollution in an urban area using mosses and lichens as biomonitors. Chemosphere,108, 388–395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimalt, J. O., & Van Drooge, B. L. (2006). Polychlorinated biphenyls in mountain pine (Pinus uncinata) needles from Central Pyrenean high mountains (Catalonia, Spain). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,63, 61–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti, M., Stella, D., Owezarek, M., De Marco, A., & De Simona, C. (2003). Lichens as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioaccumulators used in atmospheric pollution studies. Journal of Chromatography A,985, 185–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, L., Bao, L., She, J., & Zeng, E. (2014). Significance of wet deposition to removal of atmospheric particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A case study in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment, 83, 136–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanedar, A., Alp, K., Kaynak, B., & Avşar, E. (2014). Toxicity evaluation and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey. Science of the Total Environment,488–489, 437–446.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanedar, A., Güneş, E., Kaykioğlu, G., Çelik, S. Ö., & Cabi, E. (2019). Presence and distributions of POPS in soil, atmospheric deposition, and bioindicator samples in an industrial-agricultural area in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,191, 42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harner, T., & Bidleman, T. F. (1998). Octanol air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air. Environmental Science and Technology,32, 1494–1502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R., Smith, D. J., & Luhana, L. (1996). Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an Urban Location in Birmingham, U.K. Environmental Science and Technology,30, 825–832.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holoubek, I., Korinek, P., Seda, Z., Schneiderova, E., Holoubkova, I., et al. (2000). The use of mosses and pine needles to detect persistent organic pollutants at local and regional scales. Environmental Pollution,109, 283–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klanova, J., Cupr, P., Barakova, D., Seda, Z., Andel, P., & Holoubek, I. (2009). Can pine needles indicate trends in the air pollution levels at remote sites? Environmental Pollution,157(12), 3248–3254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knafla, A., Phillipps, K. A., Brecher, R. W., Petrovic, S., & Richardson, M. (2006). Development of a dermal cancer slope factor for benzo[a]pyrene. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,45, 159–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehndorff, E., & Schwark, L. (2004). Biomonitoring of air quality in the Cologne Conurbation using pine needles as a passive sampler e part II: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Atmospheric Environment,38, 3793–3808.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, G., Lang, Y., Yang, W., Peng, P., & Wang, X. (2014). Source contributions of PAHs and toxicity in reed wetland soils of Liaohe estuary using a CMB–TEQ method. Science of the Total Environment,490, 199–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, C.-M., & Chiang, K.-C. (2006). Probabilistic risk assessment for personal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiwanese temples. Chemosphere,63, 1610–1619.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, G., Zhang, G., Li, J., Li, X., Peng, X., & Qi, S. (2006). Spatial distribution and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) using semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD) and pine needles in the Pearl River Delta, South Chin. Atmospheric Environment,40, 3134–3143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Garban, B., & Chevreuil, M. (2003). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bulk deposition at a suburban site: Assessment by principal component analysis of the influence of meteorological parameters. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 3135–3146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nam, J. J., Thomas, G. O., Jaward, F. M., Steinnes, E., Gustafsson, O., & Jones, K. C. (2008). PAHs in background soils from Western Europe: Influence of atmospheric deposition and soil organic matter. Chemosphere,70, 1596–1602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet, C., & Lagoy, P. (1992). Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,16, 290–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ollivon, D., Blanchoud, H., Motelay-Massei, H., & Garban, B. (2002). Atmospheric deposition of PAHs to an urban site, Paris, France. Atmospheric Environment,36, 2891–2900.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ötvös, E., Kozak, I. O., Fekete, J., Sharma, V. K., & Tuba, Z. (2004). Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mosses (Hypnum cupressiforme) in Hungary. Science of the Total Environment,330, 89–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow, J. F. (1998). Further discussion of the octanol/air partition coefficient Koa as a correlating parameter for gas/particle partitioning coefficients. Atmospheric Environment,32, 1493–1497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J., Wade, T., & Sweet, S. (2001). Atmospheric distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and deposition to Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. Atmospheric Environment,35, 3241–3249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, C., Chen, W., Liao, X., Wang, M., Ouyang, Z., Jiao, W., et al. (2011). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: Status, sources, distribution and potential risk. Environmental Pollution,159, 802–808.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, M. S., Heitmann, D., Reifenhäuser, W., Meire, R. O., Santos, L. S., Torres, J. P. M., et al. (2007). Persistent organic pollutants in atmospheric deposition and biomonitoring with Tillandsia usneoides (L.) in an industrialized area in Rio de Janeiro state, southeast Brazil – Part II: PCB and PAH. Chemosphere, 67(9), 1736–1745.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petry, T., Schmid, P., & Schlatter, C. (1996). The use of toxic equivalency factors in assessing occupational and environmental health risk associated with exposure to airborne mixtures of PAHs. Chemosphere,32, 639–648.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piccardo, M. T., Pala, M., Bonaccurso, B., Stella, A., Redaelli, A., Paola, G., et al. (2005). Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster needles as passive samplers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Pollution,133, 293–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., Hooga, J., Deutsch, F., Roekense, D., et al. (2006). Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmospheric Environment,40, 771–785.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sicre, M. A., Marty, J. C., Saliot, A., Aparico, X., Grimalt, J., & Albaigés, J. (1987). Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in different sized aerosols over Mediterranean sea: Occurrence and origin. Atmospheric Environment,21, 2247–2259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soclo, H. H., Garrigues, P., & Ewald, M. (2000). Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons (PAHs) in costal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas. Marine Pollution Bullettin,40, 387–396.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St-Amand, A. D., Mayer, P. M., & Blais, J. M. (2009). Modeling PAH uptake by vegetation from the air using field measurements. Atmospheric Environment,43, 4283–4288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsapakis, M., & Stephanou, E. G. (2003). Collection of gas and particle semi-volatile organic compounds: use of an oxidant denuder to minimize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation during high-volume air sampling. Atmospheric Environment,37, 4935–4944.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TUIK (2018, February) Turkey Statistics Institute, Population Projections, 2018–2080. ID: 30567.

  • USEPA 1991 (1991) Risk assessment guidance for superfund, volume 1. Human health evaluation, manual (Part B, Development of Risk-based Preliminary Remediation Goals). EPA/540/R-92/003 Publication 9285.7-01B.

  • Viskari, E. L., Holopainen, T., & Karenlampi, L. (2000). Responses of spruce seedlings (Picea abies) to exhaust gas under laboratory conditions–II ultrastructural changes and stomatal behaviour. Environmental Pollution,107, 99–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Chen, J., Qiao, X., Yang, P., Tian, F., & Huang, L. (2007). Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban to rural soils: A case study in Dalian, China. Chemosphere,68, 965–971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W., Simonich, S. L. M., Giri, B., Xue, M., Zhaoa, J., Chend, S., et al. (2011). Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of atmospheric bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Beijing Tianjin region, North China. Environmental Pollution,159, 287–293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X. P., Yao, T. D., Cong, Z. Y., Yan, X. L., Kang, S. C., & Zhang, Y. (2006). Gradient distribution of persistent organic contaminants along northern slope of central-Himalayas, China. Science of the Total Environment,372, 193–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Q., Wang, X., & Zhou, Q. (2014). Biomonitoring persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere with mosses: Performance and application. Environment International,66, 28–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, H., & Wania, F. (2003). Is vapor pressure or the octanol–air partition coefficient a better descriptor of the partitioning between gas phase and organic matter? Atmospheric Environment,37, 2867–2878.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, G., Wu, L., Sun, Y., Li, J., Li, J., & Wang, G. (2015). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of the central Tibetan Plateau, China: Distribution, sources, transport and contribution in global cycling. Environmental Pollution,203, 137–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X., Pfister, G., Henkelmann, B., Kotalik, J., Bernhoft, S., Fiedler, S., et al. (2008). Simultaneous monitoring of profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated air with semipermeable membrane devices and spruce needles. Environmental Pollution,156, 461–466.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by TUBITAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) under Grant Project No. 112Y070.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering Department, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University Corlu Engineering Faculty, Çorlu, Tekirdag, Turkey

    Asude Hanedar, Elçin Güneş, Gül Kaykioğlu & Suna Özden Çelik

  2. Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Çorlu, Tekirdag, Turkey

    Evren Cabi

Authors
  1. Asude Hanedar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elçin Güneş
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gül Kaykioğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Suna Özden Çelik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Evren Cabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gül Kaykioğlu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 31 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hanedar, A., Güneş, E., Kaykioğlu, G. et al. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil, atmospheric deposition and biomonitor samples in the Meric-Ergene River Basin, Turkey. Environ Dev Sustain 22, 3389–3406 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00350-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00350-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation