Abstract
A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m2 each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr+6, Ni+2, Zn+2 and Pb+2) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil.
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Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to Prof. Arden Davis from SDSM&T and Prof. Berdanier Bruce from Ohio Northern University for their help in editing and scientific discussion.
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Rimawi, O., Jiries, A., Zubi, Y. et al. Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan. Environ Dev Sustain 11, 695–703 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9137-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9137-9