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Machine Learning Models for Predicting the Ammonium Concentration in Alluvial Groundwaters

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Abstract

Considering the great importance of groundwater quality for water supply, in the last decade, significant scientific attention has been devoted to nitrate reduction transformation pathways and nitrogen conservation in groundwaters in the form of ammonium. To evaluate and assess the ability of machine learning models to predict the ammonium concentration, four machine learning models were applied: a three-layer neural network (NN), a deep neural network (DNN), and two variants of support vector regression (SVR) models: with linear and with Gaussian radial basis function kernel. A dataset of 322 samples with 13 predictor variables representing selected parameters responsible for oxidative/reductive nitrogen transformations in shallow alluvial groundwater was acquired from measurements in 55 monitoring wells during a 6-year monitoring period (2011–2016) in Serbia. Applied principal component analysis and cluster analysis gave an insight into conditionality and relations between the selected parameters, distinguishing four main factors, which explained 70.97% of total variance, and classifying examined objects by similarity. Extracted factors correlated the concentration patterns, implying the main nitrogen transformations in examined groundwater. The machine learning models were successfully applied for predicting the ammonium concentration with high determination coefficients (R2) in tests: 0.84 for DNN and 0.64 for NN, while the SVR did not prove to be adequate with the best R2 of 0.24.

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Acknowledgments

The work was supported by Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Development of the Republic of Serbia under the Project “Methodology for the Assessment, Design and Maintenance of Groundwater Sources in Alluvial Environments Depending on the Aerobic State”, No. TR37014.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jaroslav Černi Water Institute, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 11226, Serbia

    Marija Perović, Vesna Obradović & Milan Dimkić

  2. Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia

    Ivana Šenk & Laslo Tarjan

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  1. Marija Perović
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Correspondence to Marija Perović.

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Appendix

Appendix

Fig. 8
figure 8

Dendrogram of sampling objects connected by similarity in concentration ranges of parameters connected within PC1

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Fig. 9
figure 9

Dendrogram of sampling objects connected by similarity in concentration ranges of parameters connected within PC2

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Fig. 10
figure 10

Dendrogram of sampling objects connected by similarity in concentration ranges of parameters connected within PC3

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Fig. 11
figure 11

Dendrogram of sampling objects connected by similarity in concentration ranges of parameters connected within PC4

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Perović, M., Šenk, I., Tarjan, L. et al. Machine Learning Models for Predicting the Ammonium Concentration in Alluvial Groundwaters. Environ Model Assess 26, 187–203 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-020-09731-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-020-09731-9

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