Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Emission Factors Determination of Euro III 1,200- to 1,400-cc Petrol Passenger Cars with a PLS Multivariate Regression Model

  • Published:
Environmental Modeling & Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents emission factors of a class of passenger cars obtained by applying a statistical model developed to evaluate average emission factors based on driving cycle emission measurements. A multivariate regression method based on principal components, namely, the partial least squares (PLS) method, is applied to calculate the model. The method was applied to emission data from a sample of petrol Euro III 1,200- to 1,400-cc passenger cars taken from the ARTEMIS database. A vehicle effect analysis showed that vehicle effect is considerable, in some cases comparable to or greater than the driving cycle effect. Determination of emission factors is obviously affected by these aspects. Thus, the CO2 PLS model fit results are good, CO, HC and NOX more or less sufficient. PLS-predicted quantities were compared with corresponding quantities estimated by a multiple regression model (GLM) based on a quadratic polynomial equation of sub-cycle overall mean speed. GLM goodness of fit was poorer than PLS ones. A validation effort of models is in progress, which is considering the ARTEMIS database extended with tests performed within other national or international projects. In this way, an extended population of combinations of vehicles and driving cycles will provide a better calculation of models and emission factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from $39.99 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  1. André, M. (2004). Real-world driving cycles for measuring cars pollutant emissions – Part A: The Artemis European driving cycles. INRETS report, Bron, France, no. LTE 0411, p. 97.

  2. André, M., Rapone, M., Adra, N., Pollàk, I., Keller, M., & Mccrae, I. (2006). Traffic characteristics for the estimation of the pollutant emissions from road transport - ARTEMIS WP1000 project, Report INRETS-LTE 0606.

  3. Barth, M. J., Younglove, T., Malcolm, C., & Scora, G. (2002). Mobile source emissions new generation model: using a hybrid database prediction technique, Final report to US EPA under Award 68-C-01-169.

  4. Duan, N. (1983). Smearing Estimate, A Nonparametric retransformation Method. Journal of American Statistical Association, 78(383), 605–610, September.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. EMFAC. (2000). Calculating emission inventories for vehicles in California. User’s Guide (http://www.arb.ca.gov).

  6. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Air and Radiation, User’s Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE6.2. Mobile Source Emission Factor Model, EPA420-R-03-010, 2003.

  7. Hickman, A. J., & McCrae, I. S. (2003). Revised technical annex ARTEMIS, Assessment and reliability of transport emission models and inventory systems, Project funded by the European Commission within the 5th Framework Research Programme. DG TREN Contract No 1999-RD.10429, ARTEMIS website – http://www.trl.co.uk/artemis/.

  8. Joumard, R., Jost, P., & Hickman, J. (1995). Influence of instantaneous speed and acceleration on hot passenger car emissions and fuel consumption, SAE paper 950928.

  9. Kim, B. (2000). Development of a modal emissions model using data from the cooperative industry/government exhaust emissions test program, 93rd Annual Conference on Air and Waste Management, Salt Lake City, UT.

  10. Lee, C., & Miller, E. J. (2001). A microsimulation model of CO2 emissions from passenger cars: model framework and applications” Paper No 01-2231, Transportation Research Board 80th Annual Meeting, Washington DC.

  11. Luping, T., & Schouenborg, B. (2000). Methodology of Inter-comparison tests and Statistical Analysis of Test Results, Nordetest project No. 1483-99, SP Swedish, National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2000:35, Building Technology Boras, Sweden.

  12. Ntziachristos, L., & Samaras, Z. (2000). COPERT III, Computer programme to calculate emissions from road transport. Methodology and emission factors (Version 2.1), ETC/AEM, European Environment Agency Technical report No 49.

  13. TEAM – TNO Emission Assessment Model. Retrieved June 2006 from http://www.tno.nl

  14. Tenenhaus, M. (1998). La regression PLS Theorie et Pratique, Editions Technip Paris.

  15. Van Garderen, K., & Shah, J. (2002, October). The interpretation of dummy variables in semilogarithmic equations in the presence of estimation uncertainty, UVA Econometrics, Discussion Paper, Retrieved June 2006 from http://www.fee.uva.nl/ke/UvA-Econometrics.

  16. Westerhuis, J. A., Kourti, T., Macgregor, J. F. (1998). Analysis of Multiblock and Hierarchical PCA and PLS Models. Journal of Chemometrics, 12, 301–321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wold, S., Sjostrom, M., Eriksson, L. (2001). PLS-regression: a basic tool of chemometrics. Journal of Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 58, 109–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Reported research activity was funded by EU Artemis project and by the Italian Ministry of the Environment

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNR Istituto Motori – Via Marconi, 8-80125, Napoli, Italy

    M. Rapone, M. V. Prati, M. A. Costagliola, L. Della Ragione & G. Meccariello

Authors
  1. M. Rapone
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. V. Prati
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. A. Costagliola
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. L. Della Ragione
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. G. Meccariello
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Rapone.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rapone, M., Prati, M.V., Costagliola, M.A. et al. Emission Factors Determination of Euro III 1,200- to 1,400-cc Petrol Passenger Cars with a PLS Multivariate Regression Model. Environ Model Assess 13, 383–392 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-007-9108-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-007-9108-4

Keywords